Acknowledging the History of Microscopes

The word microscope derives from the Greek, namely the word micron = small and scopos = purpose

. Overall, it is a tool used to view objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye.

It is known that the makers of the microscope for the first time were two German scientists, namely Hans Janssen and Zacharias Janssen (father-son) in 1590. This finding encouraged other scientists, including Galileo Galilei ( Italy ), to make the same tool. Galileo completed it in the year 1609, and his microscope was known by the name Galileo.

This type of microscope used optical lenses, so it was called optical microscope. Indeed, microscopes that were assembled from optical lenses had limited ability in growing the size of the object. This was caused by light diffraction limit that was determined by the wavelength of light. Theoretically, the wavelength of light was only up to about 200 nanometers. Therefore, this optical lens-based microscope could not observe the size below 200 nanometers.

To see the object size less than 200 nanometers, you needed a microscope with a short wavelength. From this idea, in 1932, there was an electron microscope. As the name implied, it used electron beam which had the wavelength shorter than light. Therefore, it had a zoom capability of an object (resolution) that was higher than the optical microscope.

Actually, in the magnification function of the object, the electron microscope also used lenses, but not from the type of glass as you could see in the optical microscope, but it was from the kind of magnets. The nature of this magnetic field could control and influence the electrons that passed through it, so it could serve to replace the lens on the optical microscope.

Another particularity of this electron microscope was the observation of the object in a vacuum condition. This was done because the electron beam would be obstructed if it grinded the flow of molecules that existed in normal air. By making the space of object observation in vacuum condition, the electron-molecule collisions could be avoided.

Acknowledging the History of Microscopes

By: Stewart Johnston

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