Aromatherapy - limbs retainer splint - foam cervical collar manufacturer
Aromatherapy - limbs retainer splint - foam cervical collar manufacturer
History Aromatherapy has origins in antiquity[peacockterm] with the use of infused aromatic oils, made by macerating dried plant material in fatty oil, heating and then filtering. Many[which?] such oils, and their healing properties, are described by Dioscorides in his De Materia Medica, written in the first century. Distilled essential oils have been employed as medicines since the invention of distillation in the eleventh century, when Avicenna isolated essential oils using steam distillation. The concept of aromatherapy was first mooted by a small number of European scientists and doctors, in about[weaselwords] 1907. In 1937, the word first appeared in print in a French book on the subject: Aromathrapie: Les Huiles Essentielles, Hormones Vgtales by Ren-Maurice Gattefoss, a chemist. An English version was published in 1993. In 1910, Gattefoss burned a hand very badly in a laboratory explosion. The hand developed gas gangrene, which he successfully, and intentionally, treated with lavender oil[citation needed].
A French surgeon, Jean Valnet, pioneered the medicinal uses of essential oils, which he used as antiseptics in the treatment of wounded soldiers during World War II. Modes of application The modes of application of aromatherapy include: Aerial diffusion: for environmental fragrancing or aerial disinfection Direct inhalation: for respiratory disinfection, decongestion, expectoration as well as psychological effects Topical applications: for general massage, baths, compresses, therapeutic skin care Materials Some of the materials employed include: Essential oils: Fragrant oils extracted from plants chiefly through steam distillation (e.g. eucalyptus oil) or [removed]grapefruit oil). However, the term is also occasionally used to describe fragrant oils extracted from plant material by any solvent extraction. Absolutes: Fragrant oils extracted primarily from flowers or delicate plant tissues through solvent or supercritical fluid extraction (e.g. rose absolute). The term is also used to describe oils extracted from fragrant butters, concretes, and enfleurage pommades using ethanol. Phytoncides: Various volatile organic compounds from plants that kill microbes[citation needed]. Many terpene-based fragrant oils and sulfuric compounds from plants in the genus "Allium" are phytoncides[citation needed], though the latter are likely less commonly used in aromatherapy due to their disagreeable odors. Herbal distillates or hydrosols: The aqueous by-products of the distillation process (e.g. rosewater). There are many herbs that make herbal distillates and they have culinary uses, medicinal uses and skin care uses[citation needed]. Common herbal distillates are rose, lemon balm and chamomile. Infusions: Aqueous extracts of various plant material (e.g. infusion of chamomile) Carrier oils: Typically oily plant base triacylglycerides that dilute essential oils for use on the skin (e.g. sweet almond oil) Vaporizer (Volatized) Raw Herbs: Typically higher oil content plant based materials dried, crushed, and heated to extract and inhale the aromatic oil vapors in a direct inhalation modality Theory Aromatherapy is the treatment or prevention of disease by use of essential oils. Two basic mechanisms are offered to explain the purported effects. One is the influence of aroma on the brain, especially the limbic system through the olfactory system[citation needed]. The other is the direct pharmacological effects of the essential oils. While precise knowledge of the synergy between the body and aromatic oils is often claimed by aromatherapists, the efficacy of aromatherapy remains unproven. However, some preliminary clinical studies of aromatherapy in combination with other techniques show positive effects. In the English-speaking world, practitioners tend to emphasize the use of oils in massage[citation needed]. Aromatherapy tends to be regarded as a complementary modality at best and a pseudoscientific fraud at worst. In many countries[which?], essential oils are included in the national pharmacopoeia, but aromatherapy as science has never been recognized as a valid branch of medicine in the United States, Russia, Germany, or Japan. Choice and purchase Oils with standardized content of components (marked FCC, for Food Chemical Codex) have to contain a specified amount of certain aroma chemicals that normally occur in the oil. But there is no law that the chemicals cannot be added in synthetic form in order to meet the criteria established by the FCC for that oil. For instance, lemongrass essential oil has to contain 75% aldehyde to meet the FCC profile for that oil, but that aldehyde can come from a chemical refinery instead of from lemongrass. To say that FCC oils are "food grade" then makes them seem natural when in fact they are not necessarily so. Undiluted essential oils suitable for aromatherapy are termed therapeutic grade, but in countries where the industry is not regulated, therapeutic grade is based on industry consensus and is not a regulatory category. Some aromatherapists take advantage of this situation to make misleading claims about the origin and even content of the oils they use. Likewise, claims that an oil's purity is vetted by mass spectrometry or gas chromatography have limited value, since all such testing can do is show that various chemicals occur in the oil. Many of the chemicals that occur naturally in essential oils are manufactured by the perfume industry and adulterate essential oils because they are cheaper. There is no way to distinguish between these synthetic additives and the naturally occurring chemicals. The best instrument for determining whether an essential oil is adulterated is an educated nose. Many people can distinguish between natural and synthetic scents, but it takes experience. Popular uses Basil is used in perfumery for its clear, sweet and mildly spicy aroma[citation needed]. In aromatherapy, it is used for sharpening sexual concentration[citation needed], for its uplifting effect on depression[citation needed], and to relieve headaches and migraines. Basil oil has many chemotypes and some are known to be emmenagogues and should be avoided during pregnancy[citation needed]. Bergamot is one of the most popular oils in perfumery. It is an excellent insect repellent[citation needed] and may be helpful for both the urinary tract and for the digestive tract[citation needed]. It is useful for skin conditions linked to stress, such as cold sores and chicken pox[citation needed], especially when combined with eucalyptus oil. Bergamot is a flavoring agent in Earl Grey tea. Cold-pressed Bergamot oil contains bergaptene, a strong photosensitizer when applied to the skin, so only distilled or 'bergaptene-free' types can be topically used. Black pepper has a sharp and spicy aroma. Common uses include stimulating the circulation and for muscular aches and pains[citation needed]. Skin application is useful for bruises, since it stimulates the circulation[citation needed]. Citronella oil, obtained from a relative of lemongrass, is used as an insect repellent and in perfumery. Clove oil is a topical analgesic, especially useful in dentistry[citation needed]. It is also used an antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, and antiemetic[citation needed]. Eucalyptus oil is often used in combination with peppermint to provide relief for the airways in case of cold or flu[citation needed]. Geranium oil is used as an astringent, antiseptic and diuretic[citation needed]. Jasmine is used as an aphrodisiac[citation needed]. Lavender oil is used as an antiseptic, to soothe minor cuts and burns, to calm and relax, for insomnia and to soothe headaches and migraines[citation needed]. Lemon oil is uplifting and anti-stress/anti-depressant. In a Japanese study, lemon essential oil in vapour form has been found to reduce stress in mice. Research at The Ohio State University indicates that Lemon oil aroma may enhance one's mood, and help with relaxation. Rose is used as an aphrodisiac[citation needed]. Sandalwood oil is used as an aphrodisiac[citation needed]. Tea tree oil and many other essential oils have topical (external) antimicrobial (i.e. antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, or antiparasitic) activity and are used as antiseptics, disinfectants, and in mouthrinses. Thyme oil Yarrow oil is used to reduce joint inflammation and relieve cold and influenza symptoms[citation needed]. Ylang-ylang oil is used as an aphrodisiac[citation needed]. Efficacy Some benefits that have been linked to aromatherapy, such as relaxation and clarity of mind, may arise from the placebo effect rather than from the inherent properties of the scents themselves. The consensus among most medical professionals is that while some aromas have demonstrated effects on mood and relaxation and may have related benefits for patients, there is currently insufficient evidence to support the claims made for aromatherapy. Scientific research on the cause and effect of aromatherapy is limited, although in vitro testing has revealed some antibacterial and antiviral effects [citation needed]. A few double blind studies in the field of clinical psychology relating to the treatment of severe dementia have been published. Essential oils have a demonstrated efficacy in dental mouthwash products. Like many alternative therapies, few controlled, double-blind studies have been carried out common explanation is that there is little incentive to do so if the results of the studies are not patentable. Skeptical literature suggests that aromatherapy is based on the anecdotal evidence of its benefits rather than proof that aromatherapy can cure diseases. Scientists and medical professionals acknowledge that aromatherapy has limited scientific support, but critics argue that the claims of most aromatherapy practitioners go beyond the data, and/or that the studies are neither adequately controlled nor peer reviewed. Some proponents[who?] of aromatherapy believe that the claimed effect of each type of oil is not caused by the chemicals in the oil interacting with the senses, but because the oil contains a distillation of the "life force" of the plant from which it is derived that will "balance the energies" of the body and promote healing or well-being by purging negative vibrations from the body's energy field. Arguing that there is no scientific evidence that healing can be achieved, and that the claimed "energies" even exist, many skeptics reject this form of aromatherapy as pseudoscience or even quackery. Safety concerns In addition, there are potential safety concerns. Because essential oils are highly concentrated they can irritate the skin when used neat, that is undiluted.[citation needed]. Therefore, they are normally diluted with a carrier oil for topical application. Phototoxic reactions may occur with citrus peel oils such as lemon or lime. Also, many essential oils have chemical components that are sensitisers (meaning that they will after a number of uses cause reactions on the skin, and more so in the rest of the body). Some of the chemical allergies could even be caused by pesticides, if the original plants are cultivated , . Some oils can be toxic to some domestic animals, with cats being particularly prone. Two common oils, lavender and tea tree, have been implicated in causing gynaecomastia, an abnormal breast tissue growth, in prepubescent boys, although the report which cites this potential issue is based on observations of only three boys (and so is not a scientific study), and two of those boys were significantly above average in weight for their age, thus already prone to gynaecomastia. A child hormone specialist at the University of Cambridge claimed "... these oils can mimic estrogens" and "people should be a little bit careful about using these products." As with any bioactive substance, an essential oil that may be safe for the general public could still pose hazards for pregnant and lactating women. While some advocate the ingestion of essential oils for therapeutic purposes, licensed aromatherapy professionals do not recommend self prescription due the highly toxic nature of some essential oil. Some very common oils like Eucalyptus are extremely toxic when taken internally. Doses as low as one teaspoon has been reported to cause clinically significant symptoms and severe poisoning can occur after ingestion of 4 to 5 ml. A few reported cases of toxic reactions like liver damage and seizures have occurred after ingestion of sage, hyssop, thuja, and cedar. Accidental ingestion may happen when oils are not kept out of reach of children. Oils both ingested and applied to the skin can potentially have negative interaction with conventional medicine. For example, the topical use of methyl salicylate heavy oils like Sweet Birch and Wintergreen may cause hemorrhaging in users taking the anticoagulant Warfarin. Adulterated oils may also pose problems depending on the type of substance used. Notes and references ^ Edris AE (April 2007). "Pharmaceutical and therapeutic potentials of essential oils and their individual volatile constituents: a review". Phytotherapy Research 21 (4): 30823. doi:10.1002/ptr.2072. PMID 17199238. ^ Campbell, Robin; Tisserand, Robert; Valnet, Jean; Houston, Libby (1982). The practice of aromatherapy. Saffron Walden: C.W. Daniel. ISBN 0-85207-140-X.[pageneeded] ^ Carson CF, Hammer KA, Riley TV (January 2006). "Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) oil: a review of antimicrobial and other medicinal properties". Clinical Microbiology Reviews 19 (1): 5062. doi:10.1128/CMR.19.1.50-62.2006. PMID 16418522. ^ van der Watt G, Janca A (August 2008). "Aromatherapy in nursing and mental health care". Contemporary Nurse 30 (1): 6975. PMID 19072192. ^ Gunther, R.T. (ed.) (1959). The Greek Herbal of Dioscorides (translated by John Goodyer in 1655). New York: Hafner Publishing. OCLC 3570794 ^ Forbes R.J. (1970). A short history of the art of distillation. Leiden: E.J. Brill. OCLC 2559231 ^ Ericksen, Marlene (2000). Healing With Aromatherapy. New York: McGraw-Hill. p.9. ISBN 0-658-00382-8. ^ Gattefoss, R.-M., & Tisserand, R. (1993). Gattefoss's aromatherapy. Saffron Walden: C.W. Daniel. ISBN 0852072368 ^ Valnet, J., & Tisserand, R. (1990). The practice of aromatherapy: A classic compendium of plant medicines & their healing properties. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press. ISBN 0892813989 ^ Prabuseenivasan S, Jayakumar M, Ignacimuthu S (2006). "In vitro antibacterial activity of some plant essential oils". BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 6: 39. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-6-39. PMID 17134518. ^ Kim HJ (June 2007). "[Effect of aromatherapy massage on abdominal fat and body image in post-menopausal women"] (in Korean). Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi 37 (4): 60312. PMID 17615482. http://www.kan.or.kr/new/kor/sub3/sub3_1.php?start=view&year=2007&issue=4&volume=37&spage=603. ^ Rho KH, Han SH, Kim KS, Lee MS (December 2006). "Effects of aromatherapy massage on anxiety and self-esteem in korean elderly women: a pilot study". The International Journal of Neuroscience 116 (12): 144755. doi:10.1080/00207450500514268. PMID 17145679. ^ Barrett, Stephen. "Aromatherapy: Making Dollars out of Scents", Science & Pseudoscience Review in Mental Health. Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice (SRMHP). Retrieved on 2009-08-10. ^ "Lemon oil vapor causes an anti-stress effect via modulating the 5-HT and DA activities in mice.". PubMed.gov. 2006-06-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=16780969&query_hl=6&itool=pubmed_docsum. Retrieved 2007-04-26. ^ Ohio State University Research, March 3, 2008 Study is published in the March 2008 issue of the journal Psychoneuroendocrinology ^ Antibacterial activity of essential oils from Australian native plants. ^ Antimicrobial and antiplasmid activities of essential oils. ^ http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/aromatherapy/HealthProfessional/page3 Aromatherapy and Essential Oils ^ "Antibacterial and antifungal properties of essential oils". Curr Med Chem. 10 (10): 81329. 2003 May.. PMID: 12678685. ^ "Essential oils of aromatic plants with antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and cytotoxic properties--an overview.". Forsch Komplementmed. 2: 7990. 2009 Apr;16. Epub 2009 Apr 3.. PMID: 19420953. ^ Ballard CG, O'Brien JT, Reichelt K, Perry EK (July 2002). "Aromatherapy as a safe and effective treatment for the management of agitation in severe dementia: the results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with Melissa". J Clin Psychiatry 63 (7): 5538. PMID 12143909. ^ Holmes C, Hopkins V, Hensford C, MacLaughlin V, Wilkinson D, Rosenvinge H. (April 2002). "Lavender oil as a treatment for agitated behaviour in severe dementia: a placebo controlled study". Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 17 (4): 3058.. doi:10.1002/gps.593. PMID 11994882. ^ "The long-term effect of a mouthrinse containing essential oils on dental plaque and gingivitis: a systematic review". Periodontol. 78 (7): 121828. 2007 July. doi:10.1902/jop.2007.060269. PMID 17608576: 17608576. ^ http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1312240 Hyperpigmented macules and streaks ^ Edwards, J.; Bienvenu, F.E. (1999). "Investigations into the use of flame and the herbicide, paraquat, to control peppermint rust in north-east Victoria, Australia". Australasian Plant Pathology 28 (3): 212224. doi:10.1071/AP99036. ^ Adamovic, D.S. et al.. "Variability of herbicide efficiency and their effect upon yield and quality of peppermint (Mentha X Piperital L.)". http://www.actahort.org/books/249/249_8.htm. Retrieved 6 June 2009. ^ The Lavender Cat - Cats and Essential Oil Safety ^ K. Bischoff, F. Guale (1998). "Australian tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) Oil Poisoning in three purebred cats" ([dead link]cholar search). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 10 (108). http://www.vet-task-force.com/Abstract-tea-tree-oil.htm. Retrieved 2006-10-17. ^ Henley, D. V.; Lipson, N; Korach, KS; Bloch, CA (2007). "Prepubertal gynecomastia linked to lavender and tea tree oils". New England Journal of Medicine 356 (5): 47985. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa064725. PMID 17267908. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/356/5/479. ^ "Oils make male breasts develop". BBC News Online (London). 1 February 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6318043.stm. Retrieved 2007-09-09. ^ Eucalyptus oil (PIM 031) ^ Millet Y, Jouglard J, Steinmetz MD, Tognetti P, Joanny P, Arditti J. (December 1981). "Toxicity of some essential plant oils. Clinical and experimental study". Clin Toxicol. 18 (12): 148598. doi:10.3109/15563658108990357. PMID 7333081. Further reading Burke, L., & Chambers, P. (1995). The very essence: A guide to aromatherapy. Silver Link. OCLC 60274302 Lis-Balchin, Maria (2006). Aromatherapy science: A guide for healthcare professionals. London: Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN 0853695784 Schnaubelt, Kurt (1998). Advanced aromatherapy: The science of essential oil therapy. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press. ISBN 0892817437 Schnaubelt, Kurt (1999). Medical aromatherapy: Healing with essential oils. Berkeley, CA: Frog. ISBN 1883319692 Valnet, Jean; & Tisserand, Robert (1990). The practice of aromatherapy: A classic compendium of plant medicines & their healing properties. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press. ISBN 0892813989 National Research Council (2003). Food Chemicals Codex. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press. ISBN 0309088666. Wanjek, Christopher (2003). Bad medicine: Misconceptions and misuses revealed, from distance healing to vitamin O. New York: J. Wiley. ISBN 047143499X Valnet, Jean; & Tisserand, Robert (1982). The practice of aromatherapy. Saffron Walden: Daniel. ISBN 0852071434 External links The National Association for Holistic Aromatherapy International Federation of Aromatherapy What Does the Research Say About Essential Oils? Antiviral and Antimicrobial Properties of Essential Oils The Aromatherapy Global Online Research Archives Journals International Journal of Aromatherapy International Journal of Clinical Aromatherapy Criticism Aromatherapy - does it work? Smell Research by Tim Jacob Aromatherapy: Making Dollars out of Scents Categories: Herbalism | Aromatherapy | Mind-body interventions | Pseudoscience | Fringe science | Fringe theoryHidden categories: Wikipedia articles needing page number citations | All articles with dead external links | Articles with dead external links from June 2008 | All articles with specifically-marked weasel-worded phrases | Articles with specifically-marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2010 | All articles with peacock terms | Articles with peacock terms from February 2010 | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010 | Articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 | Articles with specifically-marked weasel-worded phrases | Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009
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