Articles Being Over-used By Esl Learners
Several languages are very different from English in respect to semantics
, syntax and grammar. Though there are a variety of variations, this paper researches report use, misuse and exchange. I predict that speakers of languages besides English which lack an article system (Korean, Russian, Polish and Japanese) can show language transfer errors within the English report program, a/an, the, or zero, when learning how to speak English. Analysis shows that non-native speakers of English will make errors when talking English if their native language lacks articles.
Ionin, Ko and Wexler (2003) analyzed the linguistic theory of L2-acquisition as it pertains to article use. They predicted that Korean and Russian English language learners will overuse the report the in specific and non-specific definite and indefinite contexts. In a 2004 study, Ekiert examined the order and misuse of the English report system by speakers of Polish have been learning English in ESL and EFL settings. Neal Snape, 2004, reviewed article use by Japanese and Spanish English language learners and proposed that because of L2 acquisition processes, all English language learners will make systematic exchange problems regarding the English articles.
In a 2003 analysis completed by Ionin, Ko and Wexler, Russian and Korean English language learners were analyzed in respect to their English article use. Individuals in this study were 50 Russian learners of English ranging in age from 17-57, with a mean age of 38 who'd been residing in the United States for an average of about 3 years (3years, 2 months). There have been also 38 Korean pupils of English ranging in age from 17-38, with a mean age of 28 who had been residing in the U.S. for an average of just under 24 months (1year, 10 months). All of these participants had been exposed to English in their home country at an early age or all through adolescence, but were not totally confronted with it until they stumbled on the U.S. All through late adolescence or adulthood. There is also a control group who participated in this study. It had been made up of eight adult indigenous speakers of English. They performed as expected on all tasks.
In a study done by Monica Ekiert in 2004, the order of the English post program by speakers of Polish was studied in ESL and EFL settings. Members in this study included 10 adult Polish learners of English (ESL), 10 Polish English language learners (EFL) and 5 native English speakers who served as the control group. All Polish students ranged in age from early 20s to late 30s, received a grammar placement examination and divided in to rookie, intermediate and advanced ability levels. The ESL students were signed up for a rigorous English language class at Columbia University by having an average amount of staying in America of one year. The EFL students were signed up for Warsaw University whereas English was not their main and they'd not been beyond Poland for multiple month nor did they use English outside of the classroom.
The task directed at the students was 42 sentences containing 75 deleted required uses of a/an, the, zero. The participants were asked to see the sentences, place a/an, the, zero in the proper spot. Blanks were not place in the sentences since the analyst thought that if blanks were placed, the members would fill every blank with a or the developing unreliable information. Each student was given 20 minutes to complete the process and these were expected to not use dictionaries. An evaluation of the running of a/an, the, zero was done. Unfortunately, samples of the phrases useful for this task were not noted in the report.
Results with this study indicated that pupils at all power levels overused the zero article. A direct relationship was shown between power level and running of the zero article whereas the most running was shown by the beginners, intermediates less and advanced pupils made the least amount of zero overuse problems. Results of the misuse of the a article were the same for skill level v. misuse. In contrast, the article was not overused by the beginners. The degree of the running was greatest on the list of advanced learners.
It had been known by Ekiert (2004) that a remarkable finding of this research was that the EFL learners outperformed their ESL competitors. This allows evidence that the exchange of the English report system does not depend exclusively on exposure. One reason given because of this performance difference is that most of the EFL students were signed up for a school program, while the ESL students varied in educational background and were only enrolled in a college degree ESL school for one semester.
Another study was conducted by Neal Snape in 2004 which examined article use by Spanish and Japanese English language learners. This study suggests that even though Spanish speakers do utilize a report system, due to L2 exchange processes, that Spanish speakers of English will make systematic exchange problems regarding the English articles just like Japanese students. He also expected that L2 students would overuse the definite article the.
Participants in this study were three Japanese-speaking learners of English, three Spanish-speaking learners of English and two local English speakers acted as the control group. All members ranged in age from 23-40 yrs . old, with a mean age of 28. Every one of the English language learners have been studying in the UK for six months and had taken and obtained 575 or above on TOEFL. The two categories of individuals were separated in to capacity levels based on placement test scores.
The first job in this experiment was an oral production task and consisted of getting the members tune in to 13 short stories. The stories were presented using PowerPoint slides and requests were given to the students on each slide to assist them in the recall of the story. They recalled it using the prompts and heard the story twice. Each recall was recorded electronically, transcribed and the checked for accuracy. Ex- story:
'I thought the train was leaving'the young man said. 'they can not find a driver'. the elderly woman's girl replied.
Results indicated that members had difficulty utilising the appropriate report. Ex-results:'They can not find the driver'.
The link between this research also show that precision with article use directly correlates to the pupils'efficiency on the placement test whereas beginners scored the lowest with correct article use while the superior students scored highest.
by: Jessica Wicks
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