Basics Of Constructing Roads
Traveling always comes across road construction
. It is often an inconvenience, but it is necessary and a dangerous career for many.
Patience and cooperation is important from those traveling to ensure the safety of construction workers. Many street signs and traffic cones or barrels can help direct traffic during these flow changes.
Road assembly requires the creation of a continuous right of way path to overcome geographic obstacles that may interrupt vehicle or other kinds of travel. It may also be put in place to meet requirements set by state laws or official road guidelines.
The process is typically started with the removal of earth and rock by digging or blasting. This is used for construction of embankments, bridges, tunnels, the removal or vegetation (deforestation), and is usually followed by the laying of pavement material.
A variety of construction equipment is used in building roads. After design, approval, planning, legal and environmental considerations have been considered, alignment of the street is set out by a surveyor who uses leveling instruments for precise measurements and planning.
The radii and gradient are designed and staked out to best suit the natural ground levels and minimize the amount of cut and fill. Great care and provisions are taken to preserve reference benchmarks.
Roadways are designed for primary use by vehicular and pedestrian traffic. Many concerns are in place such as storm drainage and environmental considerations.
Erosion and sediment controls are put in place to prevent detrimental effects. Also, drainage lines are laid with sealed joints in the road easement with run off capabilities that are adequate for the land zoning and storm water system.
Drainage systems must be capable of carrying the ultimate design flow from the upstream catchment with approval for the outfall from the associated authority to a watercourse creek, river or the sea for drainage discharge. There is more put into road production and implementation than meets the untrained eye.
A borrow pit is a source for obtaining fill, gravel and rock and requires that a water source be located near or in reasonable distance to the construction site. Approval from local government authorities may be required to draw water and to work with materials for production needs.
The top soil and vegetation is always removed from the borrow pit and stockpiled for subsequent rehabilitation of the extraction site. Enter the environmental concerns; side slopes in the excavation area cannot be steeper than one or two slabs for safety reasons.
Older street surfaces, fences and buildings may also need to be removed before production can ensue. Trees in the road construction area may be marked for retention.
Many protected trees should not have the topsoil within the area of its drip line removed. The area should be kept clear of construction material and equipment for preservation reasons.
Compensation or replacement may be required if a protected tree is damaged. Much of the vegetation may be mulched and set aside for later use.
Processes during earthwork include excavation, removal or material to spoiling, filling, compacting, constructing and trimming. If rocks or other unsuitable materials are found, they are removed and moisture content is managed and replaced with standard fill compacted to 90% relative compaction.
When a depression in the land must be filled to come up to the street grade, the native bed is compacted after the topsoil has been removed. The fill is compiled by the compacted layer method where a layer of fill is spread then compacted to meet specific needs.
That process is repeated until the desired results are attained. Thus, there is much that goes on even underneath the roads.
General fill material must always meet certain requirements. For example, it must be free of organics, meet minimum bearing ratios and have a low plasticity index.
Road construction is a very intensive and dangerous professional field. It is a process that requires many different skills and abilities.
There are many practices put into place to ensure safety for those working so diligently for traveling purposes. Many construction signs, cones, barrels, etc. are put into place for the protection of the workers.
Therefore, it is important to be patient when road construction occurs. There are lower speed limits set into place for keeping safe conditions, and they should be respected for the betterment of everyone involved.
by: Tom Selwick
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