Brief note on Exiled Tibetan Community
Brief note on Exiled Tibetan Community
Brief note on Exiled Tibetan Community
Brief note on Exiled Tibetan Community
Historical Background
After a long internal conflict between ruling Nationalist Party of China and revolutionary Communist Party of China, lead by Chairman Mao Tsedung, the later emerged as victorious and formed new Communist Government of China widely known as Peoples Republic of China headed by Chairman Mao Tsedung in October of 1949. Subsequently, in 1949 the Peoples Liberation Army of China marched into Tibets eastern provinces of Kham and Amdo, seizing control over the eastern Tibetan headquarters of Chamdo in the following year. Prior to that Tibet was de facto independent country with recorded history of more than 2500 years as an independent country. Then in 1951, the so-called "17-Point Agreement on Measures for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet" was forced upon the Tibetan government and people. For the next few years the Tibetan Government headed by young His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama, tried whatever ways possible to solve the problem through Dialogue and eventually went to Beijing (China) in 1954 to have face to face dialogue with Mao Tsedung, the head of Communist Party of China. In spite of all the attempts made by young Dalai Lama, The Communist China grew more craving and by beginning of 1959, the entire Tibet was brutally occupied.
EXODUS OF TIBETAN REFUGEE IN INDIA
As Chinese armies become more violent and mercilessly crushed various Tibetan rebellions and uprising i.e. 10th March uprising in Lhasa in very brutal way. With heavy heart young His Holiness was compelled to leave Tibet. On the fateful night of March 17, 1959, the Dalai Lama took escape flight towards India. Following the footsteps of beloved leader His Holiness Dalai Lama, more than 80,000 Tibetan refugees have fled to India, Nepal and Bhutan. His Holiness immediately sought asylum in India. After a series of discussions between the His Holiness and Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the then Indian Prime Minister, who agreed to provide all assistance to the Tibetan Refugees to settle down in India for some time, till their eventual return. The exodus of Tibetan refugee in India has been differentiated into two batches. The first batch of Tibetans crossed over to India on March 31, 1959, when 80.000 Tibetans followed their spiritual and temporal leader, the Dalai Lama. The second exodus started in the early eighties during the period when Tibet was open to trade and tourism for the first time since communist China takes over. On 29 April 1959, His Holiness the Dalai Lama established the Tibetan exile administration in the north Indian hill station of Mussoorie. Named the Central Tibetan Administration (CTA) of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, widely known and act as Tibetan Government in Exile. In May 1960, the CTA was moved to Dharamsala. The prime objectives of CTA as mentioned in official document are task of rehabilitating Tibetan refugees and restoring freedom and happiness in Tibet. "The rehabilitation agenda includes three important programmes: a) promoting education among the exile population; b) building a firm culture of democracy; and c) paving the way for self-reliance so that the Tibetan people are able to survive with the self-esteem and confidence that flows from not having to depend on external assistance." (1) The Department of Home under Central Tibetan Administration (CTA) was established in 1960 and it is one of the first Departments to be established and given the huge important task of coordinating relief and rehabilitation works for thousands of Tibetan refugees who fled from Tibet to neighbouring countries of India, Nepal and Bhutan.
RESETTLEMENT OF TIBETAN REFUGEES IN INDIA
In the initial stage, to accommodate and help Tibetan refugees, the government of India with assistance of the state government of Assam and West Bengal set up various transit camps. In the camps they were given all the necessities. Despite of assistance, Many Tibetan refugees died as a result of living in these highly crowded and unsanitary conditions. This unfortunate state of affairs provoked urgent needs of a long-term rehabilitation program that would serve to bring all the refugees into homogenous Tibetan communities that will facilitate them to perpetrate their culture and traditions and thus preserve their national identity. Thus His Holiness the Dalai Lama requested the Government of India to resettle the Tibetans in agricultural-based settlements as most of Tibetans were familiar with agricultural activities. Pt Nehru the then Prime Minister of India accepted and wrote to the government of Indian states, requesting them to make land available to refugees. Accordingly Government of Mysore (as Karnataka state was called at that time) allotted nearly 3,000 acres of land at Bylakuppe in Mysore district in Karnataka in 1960 and the first ever Tibetan exile settlement namely Lugsung Samdupling came into existence in 1961. A few years later another settlement namely Tibetan Dickey Larsoe also called as TDL was established.
After that more and more Indian states provided land for Tibetan refugees. The government of India with requests from His Holiness the Dalai Lama builds special schools for Tibetans that provide free education, health care and scholarships for those students who excel in schools. At present there are 35 different Tibetan refugee settlements in India. These settlements are further classified into Agricultural base, Agro-industrial Handicraft based and scattered communities. The total refugee population figures in India according to the report of the survey conducted by the Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama and Department of Home put it at 104686. The Indian government initially provided the Tibetan refugees with excessive amenities including legal Residential Certificates and Identity Certificates.
The second phase of Tibetan refugee exodus to India was started in late eighties and continues in steady stead till late nineties. Indian government admitted arrival of 25,000 Tibetans refugees between the years of 1986 and 1996 from Tibet.
With amplifying power and dominance of Communist China in the stage of world politics and the Indian government, in an attempt to improve its relations with China, declined assistance to these Tibetan refugees, and refused to grant them new allotments of land, denied these new arrival Tibetans both residential and identification certificates.
The statement made by Exile Tibetan Government in late eighties and early nineties says "Tibetans who arrived in India after the initial settlement did not receive official refugee status from the Indian government; they were neither allocated land for housing or farming nor provided with government assistance." Additional to this, a analysis through various figures issued by Tibetan Refugee Reception Centre, a branch of Security department of Exile Tibetan Government who deals with new arrivals from Tibet, states that in an average 2500-3000 Tibetans come to India. Out of these, average of more than 60% stay back in India. This overflowing of Tibetan refugee in India and changes in the treatment of Tibetan refugee in India by Government of India, led to various problems. Central Tibetan
Administration of His Holiness the Dalai Lama (CTA) argues that this has lead to overpopulation, unemployment, and food shortages in the Tibetan refugee community. Among them the unemployment among the large youth population seems to be a growing challenge that Tibetan refugee community in India face, as the possible impact it may have on the future of Tibetan fate in general and present refugee community in particular seems highly disturbing.
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