Butterworth Filter: A Glace of an Effective Filter

Butterworth Filter: A Glace of an Effective Filter

Filters are divided based on the functions they perform. It is done by the ranges of frequencies. One of them is the low-pass filter. The Butterworth filter is an ideal example of a low-pass filter. It is superior to image-parameter filters (constant-k and m-derived) in their efficiency and response characteristics. It is formed by a series of branches that are connected in series or shunt with source-to-load path individually.

In filters like the low-pass and high pass, each branch is either an inductor or a capacitor. In band-stop and band-pass filters, each branch is either a parallel or series resonant circuit. It is composed of an inductor and a capacitor.

While the program is running, the user must first mention if a high-pass/low-pass or a band-stop/band-pass filter is needed. If the low-pass high-pass structure is decided, the user must then mention two frequencies in Hz, following the respective attenuation needed individually. The source resistance has to be mentioned. Then the program will calculate and the user can know the minimum number of branches needed for the specifications.

Later it requests whether the first branch has to be series or shunt. Also the program will calculate the needed component values rounded to 3 digits which are significant and report the user in the most common units.

Using it, the frequencies in a square wave input signal pass through longer delays when they are in the filter during each phase. This causes loss of fidelity as the phase relationship and harmonics which are present in the input signal no longer have the exact phase relationship. As it approaches the -3dB frequency it has a relatively constant gain and drops off steeply just after -3dB frequency.

A simple low-pass Butterworth filter can be built with the use of normalized prototype circuits. It is simple to build, and the same method can be used to build other filters like a band-pass, high-pass, etc. Some examples of the filters which were already built are Elliptical, Chebychev, and so on.

At first, we must determine the order of the filter which will be required to fulfill our design. Then formulas or tables with normalized protype values have to be used. Finally, formulas are made use of to scale those values to the original source and load impedances. Also it should be scaled to the real design cutoff frequency.

In conclusion, it is fast and simple to use. As it is frequency based, the result of filtering can be predicted and known easily.

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