Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery In India At Affordable Low Cost
Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery In India At Affordable Low Cost
Congenital Cardiovascular Defects
What is a congenital cardiovascular defect ?
Congenital means inborn or existing at birth. Among the terms you may hear are congenital heart defect, congenital heart disease and congenital cardiovascular disease. The word "defect" is more accurate than "disease." A congenital cardiovascular defect occurs when the heart or blood vessels near the heart don't develop normally before birth.
What causes congenital cardiovascular defects ?
Congenital cardiovascular defects are present in about 1 percent of live births. They're the most common congenital malformations in newborns. In most cases scientists don't know why they occur. Sometimes a viral infection causes serious problems. German measles (rubella) is an example. If a woman contracts German measles while pregnant, it can interfere with how her baby's heart develops or produce other malformations. Other viral diseases also may cause congenital defects..
What are the types of congenital defects ?
Most heart defects either obstruct blood flow in the heart or vessels near it, or cause blood to flow through the heart in an abnormal pattern. Rarely defects occur in which only one ventricle (single ventricle) is present, or both the pulmonary artery and aorta arise from the same ventricle (double outlet ventricle). A third rare defect occurs when the right or left side of the heart is incompletely formed - hypoplastic heart.
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
This defect (PA'tent DUK'tus ar-te"re-O'sis) allows blood to mix between the pulmonary artery and the aorta. Before birth an open passageway (the ductus arteriosus) exists between these two blood vessels. Normally this closes within a few hours of birth. When this doesn't happen, some blood that should flow through the aorta and on to nourish the body returns to the lungs. A ductus that doesn't close is quite common in premature infants but rather rare in full-term babies.
Septal defects
Some congenital cardiovascular defects let blood flow between the heart's right and left chambers. This happens when a baby is born with an opening between the wall (septum) that separates the right and left sides of the heart. This defect is sometimes called "a hole in the heart."
Cyanotic defects
Another type of heart defect is congenital cyanotic (si"ah-NOT'ik) heart defects. In these defects, blood pumped to the body contains less oxygen than normal. This causes a condition called cyanosis (si"ah-NO'sis), a blue discoloration of the skin. Infants with cyanosis are often called "blue babies."
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
In hypoplastic (hi"po-PLAS'tik) left heart syndrome, the left side of the heart is underdeveloped - including the aorta, aortic valve, left ventricle and mitral valve. Blood returning from the lungs must flow through an opening in the wall between the atria, called an atrial septal defect. The right ventricle pumps the blood into the pulmonary artery, and blood reaches the aorta through a patent ductus arteriosus (PA'tent DUK'tus ar-te"re-O'sis). (See above.)
Endocarditis
The American Heart Association has recently changed its guidelines for prevention of endocarditis. Some children who used to take antibiotics before going to the dentist no longer have to do so.
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