Glossary of trucking industry terms in the United States
Glossary of trucking industry terms in the United States
General
Bill of lading (BOL, BL, B/L)
Main article: Bill of lading
A paper document between a shipper and a carrier acknowledging the receipt of goods for transport. Usually describes the nature of the cargo; hazardous materials classification (if any); amount of cargo by weight, size, and/or number of pallets, boxes, barrels, etc; and the origin and destination of the cargo.
Bobtailing
Operating a tractor unit with no trailer attached.
Broker
A person or company that arranges for the truck transportation of cargo belonging to others, using for-hire carriers to provide the actual truck transportation.
Bulk cargo
Main article: Bulk cargo
Large quantities of undivided or unpackaged cargo, such as a tank trailer filled with gasoline.
Bulk freight
See bulk cargo.
Cabotage
Main article: Cabotage
The rights of a country to control the movement of vessels and vehicles transporting goods or passengers within its borders. May refer to the transportation of cargo between two points within a country by a vehicle registered in another country.
Cargo
See freight.
Consignee
Main article: Consignee
The person or entity transferring legal responsibility or ownership of the cargo (or consignment) from the carrier.
Consignment
Main article: Consignment
An agreement between a consignee and a consignor in which the goods are taken responsibility for and transported by a third party, the carrier. May also simply refer to the consigned goods (i.e., the cargo).
Consignor
Main article: Consignor
The person or entity transferring legal responsibility or ownership of the cargo (or consignment) to the carrier.
Deadheading
Operating a truck with an empty trailer.
Demurrage
A charge by the carrier (any mode) for excess retention of shipping vessel, container, trailer, etc; caused by untimely unloading
Electronic on-board recorder (EOBR)
Main article: Electronic on-board recorder
An device hooked into the truck which transmits useful management information such as truck location, speed, and idle time.
Float shifting
Shifting gears without using the clutch pedal. Also called "slip shifting" or "dead sticking."
A hazardous materials placard
Freight
Main article: Freight
The materials or goods being transported.
Hazardous materials (Haz-mat)
Main article: Dangerous goods
Explosive, flammable, poisonous or otherwise potentially dangerous cargo. Large amounts or especially hazardous cargo are required to be placarded under haz-mat regulations (extensive).
Heavy-Haul
The transport of loads weighing well beyond standard weight limits, under special permit, during daylight hours, and using designated routes, usually with pilot cars.
Intermodal
Main article: Intermodal freight transport
A single trailer or container that encounters multiple forms of transportation along its route, such as truck/ship/rail.
Just-in-time
Main article: Just-in-time (business)
A method of inventory control in which warehousing is either nonexistent or kept to a minimum. The freight arrives "just in time", and only when it is needed.
Log book
Main article: Logbook
A form which describes the working duties of truck drivers for each 24-hour period.
Manifest
A document that describes the contents of a shipment in greater detail than a bill of lading. Commonly used as a checklist during unloading.
Operating authority
Motor carriers for-hire must apply for the authority to engage in interstate commerce with the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration.
Oversize load
Main article: Oversize load
A unit of cargo that is larger than the legally defined limits for width, length, height, and/or weight; it cannot be broken down into smaller units.
A typical wooden pallet
Pallet
Main article: Pallet
A wooden (or sometimes plastic) platform on which boxes or cargo are stacked and sometimes shrink-wrapped. Usually refers to the entire palletized stack of boxes, although it can refer to the platform itself.
Progressive shifting
Main article: Progressive shifting
A method of shifting gears that optimizes the power range of the engine, which in turn optimizes fuel efficiency.
Receiver
Consignee, importer, or buyer (who may or may not be the same) named in the bill of lading as the party responsible for receiving a shipment.
A plastic pallet
Shipper
Consignor, exporter, or seller (who may or may not be the same) named in the bill of lading as the party responsible for initiating a shipment.
Shore power
Main article: Shore power
A land-based electric power supply for trucks. Eliminates the need for engine idling while parked, and in the case of IdleAire, also supplies land-based climate control within the truck cab, as well as internet and TV access.
Terminal
A dock or hub where freight either originates, terminates, or is handled in the transportation process; or a location where motor carriers maintain operating facilities.
Tractor
Main article: Tractor unit
A semi-truck (powered unit) used to pull a load or semi-trailer (unpowered unit) by means of a fifth wheel mounted over the rear axle(s) in a semi-truck/semi-trailer combination.
Truck Stop Electrification (TSE)
See shore power.
Drivers and carriers
Common carrier
Main article: Common carrier
A for-hire carrier that is obligated to serve the general public.
Company driver
Employee of a carrier who is assigned to drive company-owned trucks.
Contract carrier
A for-hire carrier contracted to one particular shipper. A contract carrier enters into a contract whose terms are negotiated between a specific carrier and specific customer.
Dedicated route
A driver or carrier who transports cargo between regular, prescribed routes. Regular route drivers usually are at home on regular intervals, given the scheduled nature of their routes.
For-hire carrier
A licensed carrier that holds itself out to hire under either a public tariff for the general public (for-hire common carrier) or under a contract filed with a specific shipper (contract carrier). For-hire carriers must apply for operating authority with the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration.
Irregular route
See over-the-road.
Less-than-truckload (LTL)
Main article: Less than truckload
A driver or carrier who specializes in, or a load composed of many different types of cargo, each typically weighing less than 10,000pounds (4,500kg), with many different destinations. Generally involves the use of terminal facilities to break and consolidate shipments. A LTL driver normally has a dedicated or regional route.
Long-haul
See over-the-road.
Motor carrier
A person or company providing transportation of property or passengers using commercial motor vehicles.
Over-the-road (OTR)
A driver or carrier who transports cargo to any place at any time, without prescribed schedules or routes. Long-Haul OTR involves being away for weeks, or months at a time, often cross-country or international (Canada and Mexico), given the unscheduled nature of their routes.
Owner-operator (O/O)
Main article: Owner-operator
Self-employed independent drivers who operate privately owned or leased trucks, as opposed to a company driver.
Private carrier
A not-for-hire carrier contracted to or owned by a shipper that does not offer services to the general public, and operates primarily to transport its own goods. Private carriers are not required to obtain operating authority by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration.
Regional route
A driver or carrier who transports cargo in a limited geographical area, usually within a certain radius of one's own home or company terminal, and may or may not maintain a schedule.
Regular route
See dedicated route.
Team drivers
A team of two or more drivers who ride together and drive the same truck in shifts, essentially allowing the truck to remain in motion almost constantly. Primarily used for time-sensitive freight.
Truckload (TL)
Main article: Truckload shipping
A driver or carrier who specializes in, or a load composed of one type of cargo, typically weighing more than 10,000pounds (4,500kg), with normally one destination. A truckload driver is normally an over-the-road driver with an irregular route.
Vehicles
Big rig
See semi-truck.
Big truck
See semi-truck.
Bobtail
Either a tractor without a trailer, or a box truck. In verb form, this also refers to operating a truck without a trailer.
Bob truck
See box truck.
A straight truck or box truck
Box truck
Main article: Box truck
A smaller, single-unit, non-articulated truck, usually having between 6 and 10 wheels. Often incorrectly called a 'bobtail.'
Cab over
Main article: Cab over
A short, box-shaped tractor with no hood, and a steep vertical front. The "cab" rides "over" the engine and front steering axle. Used when a shorter wheelbase is needed.
Combination vehicle
A vehicle composed of two or more separate units, a tractor (powered unit, semi-truck) and a trailer (unpowered unit, semi-trailer).
Conventional truck
Main article: Conventional truck
A tractor featuring a forward engine and a cab situated in front of the rear axle, with a convential hood configuration.
Day cab
A truck cab without a sleeper berth.
Dump truck
Main article: Dump truck
Usually refers to a straight truck with a bucket-like cargo area, although it can refer to a semi-truck with a dump trailer.
Eighteen-wheeler
This term is derived from the number of wheels that the typical OTR tractor-trailer configuration has. See also semi-truck.
Semi-truck
Main article: Semi-trailer truck
An articulated (jointed) combination vehicle, commonly composed of a 10-wheeled tractor and an 8-wheeled trailer.
Straight truck
See box truck.
Tractor-trailer
See semi-truck.
Truck crane
A special truck (carrier) with a permanently mounted crane (upper). This design allows faster moves from site to site than conventional cranes.
Vehicle parts
See also Semi-trailer truck#Construction for a diagram of truck parts.
Baffle
A partition or separator within a liquid tank, used to inhibit the flow of fluids within the tank. During acceleration, turning, and braking, a large liquid-filled tank may produce unexpected forces on the vehicle due to the inertia of liquids.
Bulkhead
A strong wall-like structure placed at the front of a flatbed trailer (or on the rear of the tractor) used to protect the driver against shifting cargo during a front-end collision. May also refer to any separator within a dry or liquid trailer (also called a baffle for liquid trailers) used to partition the load.
The cab of an 18-wheeler
Bunk
See sleeper berth.
Cab
See cabin.
Cabin
Main article: Cabin (truck)
The interior of a truck where the driver sits to operate the vehicle.
Cheater axle
See lift axle.
Engine brake
Main article: Engine brake
A braking system that utilizes the back pressure from the engine's pistons to slow down the vehicle. Commonly used to prevent heavy trucks from accelerating out of control while driving on steep downhill grades.
A fifth wheel coupling platform
Fifth wheel
Main article: Fifth wheel
A pivoting platform on the rear of a truck tractor, used to support the front end of the trailer being towed that contains locking jaws that engage the trailer kingpin.
Gladhands
Interlocking connectors attached to air hoses that supply air from the tractor to the trailer for air brakes.
Headache rack
See bulkhead.
Jake brake
Main article: Jake brake
A popular brand of engine brake. See also engine brake.
Kingpin
A large pin, underneath the front of a trailer, which interlocks with the fifth wheel.
Landing gear
A set of retractable, crank-up legs that support the front of a trailer when it is not connected to a tractor.
A dump truck with a raised lift axle
Lift axle
An air-powered axle that may be raised or lowered to the ground to provide greater load-carrying capacity, or to comply with axle weight requirements (see also Federal Gross Weight Bridge Formula).
Retarder
Main article: Retarder (mechanical engineering)
A device used to assist braking that does not use friction. such as engine braking or axle-mounted electromagnetic retarders. See also engine brake.
Sleeper berth
Main article: Berth (sleeping)
The portion of the truck's interior designated for sleeping, legally must contain a bed.
Super single
A single, larger wheel, substituted for a tandem assembly. The main benefit of a super single is a reduction in weight; combined with lower rolling resistance the super single promises better fuel economy. The disadvantage is the lack of tire redundancy from which tandem wheels benefit, as tire failure can disable the vehicle.
Tandem
May refer to the set of dual wheels or dual axles commonly found on large trucks. The word tandem itself means "having parts arranged one behind another".
Tandem axle
A pair of axles spaced close together.
Tandem wheel
A set of dual wheels (on pickup trucks, known as a dually). A tandem assembly is a redundant backup system, if one tire fails the second will maintain support, allowing the vehicle to keep driving.
Trailers
Auto transport
A specialized trailer or truck/trailer combination used for transporting passenger vehicles.
Belly dump
See bottom dump.
A bottom dump trailer
Bottom dump
A dump with a funnel-shaped floor for unloading through the bottom.
Bull wagon
slang, See livestock.
An intermodal container trailer
Car hauler
See auto transport.
Chip van
specially designed bulk dry van with open top for wood byproducts.
Container
Main article: Intermodal container
A simple, enclosed box of standardized sizes, used for intermodal transport.
Container chassis
A skeletal trailer composed of a simple chassis for the mounting of an intermodal container.
Covered wagon
slang, A flatbed with specially fitted side plates and curved ribs supporting a tarp covering, commonly referred to as a "side kit". Named for the resemblance to horse-drawn covered wagons.
Curtainside
Can be either a dry box with tarp sides, or a flatbed with a movable frame of squared ribs supporting a tarp.
A double dropdeck flatbed trailer
Deep-drop van
A specialized dry van that maximizes interior space, with a lowered floor and higher roof. Normally used to transport bulky, relatively light cargo, such as furniture and electronics.
Double decker
A specialized trailer with 2 floors to allow for more cargo space.
Double dropdeck
A flatbed with the lowest deck. Featuring a raised step at the front, where the trailer attaches to the fifth wheel, and at the back, where the wheel wells are located. Normally used for oversize/overheight loads.
set-of-doubles (4 units)
Doubles trailer
A trailer between 26feet (7.9m) and 29feet (8.8m) long that can be used singularly as a delivery trailer in congested areas or in combination with another trailer for over the road.
A standard dry van trailer
Dropdeck
A flatbed with a lowered deck, featuring a raised step at the front, where the trailer attaches to the fifth wheel.
Dry box
See dry van.
Dry bulk
A variation of the liquid tank trailer, with a funnel-shaped bottom, used for hauling bulk quantities of dry powder (sometimes called bulk pneumatic). Usually loaded through holes in the top, unloaded through the bottom or through pneumatic force.
Dry van
A simple, enclosed non-climate controlled rectangular trailer that carries general cargo, including food and other products that do not require refrigeration. Usually loaded/unloaded through the rear doors, requiring elevated access for forklifts to enter the trailer.
Dump
A box-like trailer with an open top for loading, commonly used for hauling bulk quantities of dirt, rock, gravel, etc.
Flatbed
A flat trailer with no enclosure or doors. Can be loaded/unloaded from the sides or above, and does not require elevated access for forklifts.
A gooseneck lowboy trailer with an oversized load
Gooseneck lowboy
Main article: Lowboy (trailer)
A specialized lowered flatbed trailer featuring an arched coupling arm, normally used for oversize/overweight loads.
Grain
A rectangular enclosure with an open top for bulk loading, covered with a tarp, and a funnel shaped bottom for unloading grain, fertilizer, etc.
Hopper
See grain.
Livestock
A rectangular enclosure with sides featuring numerous ventilation holes, an interior with multiple levels, and usually a ramp in the rear for loading/unloading. Used for hauling cows, pigs, sheep, etc.
Live-bottom
A dry van with solid or openable roof with a moveable mechanized floor for unloading.
Logger
A specialized trailer used for transporting logs, consisting of a basic, sometimes adjustable length, chassis with vertical stakes along the sides to hold the logs in place.
Lowboy
See double dropdeck, or gooseneck lowboy.
Platform
See flatbed.
Portable parking lot
slang, See auto transport.
Pup
1) a rigid Rear-dump pulled behind a standard dump truck. 2) the short second trailer in a Rocky Mountain Double combination.
Rear dump
A dump with a rear pivot point allowing the front of the cargo area to be raised vertically for unloading through the rear.
Reefer
See refrigerated van.
A rear dump trailer with a daycab tractor
Refrigerated van
A refrigerated and insulated box trailer.
Side dump
A dump with front and rear pivot points allowing the cargo area to tilt sideways for unloading.
Side kit
See covered wagon.
Sideloader
A specialized container trailer with cranes on the front and rear to allow for on-the-spot loading and unloading.
A tank trailer on Interstate 25 at Interstate 80 in Cheyenne, Wyoming
Skateboard
See flatbed.
Stepdeck
See dropdeck.
Tank
Main article: Tank truck
An enclosed cylinder-shaped tank used for hauling bulk quantities of liquid.
Tanker
See tank.
footnote: Since the 1960s, trailer manufacturers and the industry in general have developed a myriad of specialized trailers and commodity transfer techniques for more efficiency and functionality. Hence, the above glossary is by no means complete. Sometimes stationary equipment is mounted on or designed around a trailer chassis for transport to a permanent, or semi-permanent location.
Trailer configurations
'B' train Double
A special set-of-doubles: the second (usually shorter) trailer is hooked directly to the first via a fifth wheel on the rear of the first one (two semis).
A rocky mountain double configuration with two dry bulk trailers
Rocky Mountain Double
A combination of a standard trailer and a shorter pup trailer. Legal in more than 20 states, use is usually restricted to toll roads, freeways, or by permit.
Standard
A single trailer. Common dimensions range from 45feet (14m) to 53feet (16m) long, and up to 13.5feet (4.1m) tall.
Triple
A combination of three doubles trailers. Legal in 17 states, usually restricted to major highways, toll roads, or freeways.
Turnpike Double
A combination of two standard trailers. Legal in 18 states, these unusually long combinations are invariably restricted to toll roads or freeways.
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vde
Trucking industry in the United States
Regulated by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration
Regulations
Commercial driver's license Hours of service Federal Bridge Gross Weight Formula Electronic on-board recorder Motor carrier safety rating Motor Carrier Act of 1980 International Registration Plan National Network
Manufacturers
Trucks: Autocar Freightliner International Kenworth Mack Peterbilt Sterling Volvo Western Star White
Engines: Caterpillar Cummins Detroit Diesel Mercedes-Benz Navistar
Motor carriers
Truckload carriers: Covenant England J.B. Hunt PAM Transport Schneider Swift USA Truck Werner Knight
LTL and parcel carriers: ABF Con-way FedEx UPS YRC (formerly Yellow and Roadway)
Moving companies: Allied Atlas Bekins Gentle Giant Moving Company Graebel Global Mayflower North American PODS United Shleppers Moving & Storage
Truck stops
Bosselman Flying J Iowa 80 Petro Pilot Road Ranger Roady's TravelCenters Love's Town Pump
People
Reginald Denny Jimmy Hoffa Fred Smith John B. Hunt Kelly Reno Iyman Faris Larry Walters Keith Jesperson
Organizations
Teamsters Union Owner-Operator Independent Drivers Association American Trucking Associations SmartWay Transport Partnership
Glossary
Glossary of trucking industry terms in the United States
Popular culture
Film: Black Dog Convoy Duel F.I.S.T. Maximum Overdrive The Gang's All Here Smokey and the Bandit (series) They Drive by Night White Line Fever Joy Ride
Television: B.J. and the Bear Ice Road Truckers Movin' On Trick My Truck
Music: "Convoy" "Papa Loved Mama" "Six Days on the Road" "Teddy Bear" "Drive-By Truckers"
Radio: Road Dog Trucking America's Trucking Network Midnight Trucking (Bill Mack Dale Sommers Dave Nemo)
Other: The Rolling Memorial
Categories: Trucking industry in the United States | Glossaries | Commercial item transport and distribution
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