Introduction To Modern Atomic Theory
Introduction to modern atomic theory
Introduction to modern atomic theory
When a gas is subjected to intense electrical forces a stream negatively charged particles were released which was later on named as electrons.This was found out by J.J Thomson.Then it was found that atom was not an indivisible particles. It is made up of different particles.Rutherford concluded the protons will be in the nucleus and the electrons revolve round the nucleus.
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Bohr introduced quantum in atomic theory. But it could not explain the nature of all atoms. Later it was found orbital and energies that determine the properties of the atom. The energy of the orbital decides where the electrons are located. Each orbital is denoted by a number known as quantum number l
If l=0 (s orbital)
l=1 (p orbital)
l=2 (d orbital)
l=3 f orbital) the electron of an atom resides in these orbitals.
Principal quantum number is represented by n
The value of n can take 1,2, 3, 4 ------- etc.
If n=1 then the number of subshell=1 s
When n= 2, number of subshells =2 s,p
When n=3 s,p,d
n=4 s,p,d,f and so on.
Each sub shell has a definite energy level. The energy of the orbital determines the location of the electron.
Modern Atomic Theory - Aufbaus Principle
Electrons will be first placed in the that sub shell where the energy level will be lower. Each orbital can have two electrons. If two or three orbital are of same energy level then the electrons should be spread out before they are paired up.
.In the modern periodic Mosley arranged the elements in the increasing order of atomic number and concluded the physical and chemical properties of the elements are the periodic functions of atomic number.
Atomic size down a group in the periodic table increases. This is because new shells are being added as we go down the group. The valence electron occupies larger s orbital.
The valence electron can easily come out from potassium than lithium. So reactivity increases from lithium to potassium
Along the period the atomic radius decreases from left to right. This is due to the increase in nuclear charge which tends to pull the electrons closer to the nucleus and the size of the atom decreases.
The Modern Atomic Theory Disapproved Daltons Atomic Theory
According to Dalton whose theory has been disapproved by the modern atomic theory in the following:-
Atom is the smallest particle of an element. Now it has been atom has subatomic particles like protons, electrons and neutrons.
Atoms of a particular element are like which is disproved as follows.
Atoms of the same element will have the same atomic number and different mass number example isotopes of hydrogen, isotopes of chlorine.
Atomic masses of some elements are in fraction. Chlorine Atomic mass=35.5
In this average masses of its isotopes are taken.
Atoms are indivisible
According to modern atomic theory from one element by the bombardment of the nucleus different elements can be made.Example Radio active elements.
by: Omkar Nayak
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