Luigi Galvani and the birth of electrobiology 1 of 2
Electricity is being viewed as the "electric fluid"
, as a special electric fluid. This hypothesis arose after togol as Gray discovered that electricity can "spill over" from one body to another, if they join a metal wire or other conductors.
This hypothesis is, of course, was inspired by the performances, then dominant in other areas of physics. The properties weightless fluid - ether - to explain the wave propagation of light, warmth, too, felt weightless fluid. The hypothesis about the nature of electricity has been subjected to experimental verification.
Electrified body carefully weighed and could not find weight gain. Thus, the idea of weightlessness, the electric charge was the result not only of speculative reasoning, but due to the lack of precision measurements.
When it became clear that the electric charge can not be measured by weighing, physicists have begun to invent entirely new devices. These devices - all sorts electroscope and electrometers - appear in the middle of the XVIII century. In 1746 there electrometer Ellicot. in 1747 - electroscope Nolle, the same abbot, who showed the king at Versailles discharge the Leyden jar. One of the first electrometer was designed Rihmanom.
At first thought that the electric fluid - one of the varieties of "caloric" This rationale is that the friction and body heat, and electrified, and the fact that an electric spark could ignite other objects. Finally, it was shown that the conductors of electricity have a good heat, and insulators - badly. Ultimately, however, established the notion that electric weightless fluid differs from the caloric.
First, it was shown that the body, electrified touch, not hot.
Second, Gray has shown that the solid and hollow body electrified in the same way, and heated in different ways, and concluded that "caloric" distributed throughout the volume of the body, and the electric fluid distributed over the surface.
Thus, the concept of electricity as a weightless fluid was experimentally well established at the level of opportunities Physics XVIII century and fits well with the overall ideology of physics at the time.
We have already said that at this time a variety of events - even an earthquake - have tried to explain electricity, was no exception and the nervous mechanism. " In 1743, German scientist Hansen hypothesized that the signal in the nerves is electrical in nature. In 1749 Mr. "French doctor Dyufey defended his thesis on the topic" Is not the nerve fluid electricity? ". This same idea was supported in 1774 the English scientist Priestley, famed for the discovery of oxygen. The idea apparently was in the air.
In connection with these ideas, two lines of experimental research - the study of electricity and the study of processes in the nerves and muscles - have come into contact with each other. There was a hope to establish that the processes in the nerves - the processes of electrical nature. In addition, the electrical discharges are widely used at this time for the stimulation of nerves, skeletal muscle or heart (Leyden jar used for these purposes, naprimerg Daniel Bernoulli and the same F. Fontana, which we have already mentioned).
Now we should not seem strange and random, that on the table at the doctor Galvani, who was a disciple of Fontana and was engaged in experimental study of the muscles and nerves, was an electric car. It's not that he paid tribute to fashion. The machine was needed because it is like now would say he worked not only at the forefront of science, and at the junction of two sciences: physiology and the science of electricity.
Laboratory Luigi Galvani
September 26, 1786
Having said this, it becomes incomprehensible something else: that caught the attention of the Assistant Galvani, why the reduction of muscle with an electric discharge Galvani seemed so remarkable. After all, that electricity acts as a stimulus to the nerves and muscles, it was widely known fact.
Luigi Galvani and the birth of electrobiology 1 of 2
By: Ando Zadur
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