Miscarriage(spontaneous abortion)

Miscarriage(spontaneous abortion)

Miscarriage(spontaneous abortion)

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Miscarriage, common term for spontaneous abortion, the unintentional termination of a pregnancy before the fetus is capable of independent life. Spontaneous abortion may be contrasted with induced abortion, in which an unwanted or dangerous pregnancy is intentionally ended. For more information on induced abortion, see Abortion.

Physicians estimate that 25 percent of all human pregnancies abort spontaneously, with three out of four miscarriages occurring during the first three months of pregnancy. Some women apparently have a tendency to miscarry, and recurrent miscarriage decreases the probability of subsequent successful childbirth. See Pregnancy and Childbirth.

The causes of miscarriage are not clearly established. Abnormal development of the embryo or of the placental tissue, which links the embryo to the mother, or both, is found in about half the cases. These abnormalities may be due to inherent faults in the germ cells (egg or sperm cells) or may be secondary to faulty implantation of the developing fertilized egg or to other characteristics of the maternal environment. Severe vitamin deficiencies have been shown to play a role in miscarriages in experimental animals. Hormone deficiencies also have been found in women who are subject to recurrent miscarriage. Other factors include such maternal abnormalities as acute infectious diseases, systemic diseases such as nephritis (kidney disease) and diabetes, and severe trauma. Uterine malformations, including tumors, are responsible in some instances, and extreme anxiety and other psychological disturbances may contribute to the premature expulsion of the fetus.

The most common symptom of threatened miscarriage is vaginal bleeding, with or without intermittent pain. About one-fourth of all pregnant women bleed at some time during early pregnancy, however, and up to 50 percent of these women carry the fetus for the full term. Treatment for threatened miscarriage usually consists of bed rest. Almost continuous bed rest throughout pregnancy is required in some cases of repeated miscarriage; vitamin and hormone therapy also may be given. Surgical correction of uterine abnormalities may be needed in certain of these cases.

Miscarriage may result in expulsion of all or part of the contents of the uterus, or the embryo may die and be retained in the uterus for weeks or months in a so-called missed abortion. Most physicians advocate the surgical removal of any residual embryonic or placental tissue in order to avoid possible irritation or infection of the uterine lining.

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