Patch Antennas And The Benefits Of The Patch Antenna
A patch antenna is a small circular antenna that also has a 360-degree coverage area
. Unlike the omni though, a patch antenna does not have a completely flat horizon. Patch antennas are used primarily for indoor networks.
Patch antennas typically comprise a metal sheet (patch) of specific dimensions with one or more carefully positioned feeds that are suspended over a ground plane. Patch antennas are generally small in size and utilized in higher frequencies (e.g., UHF and above), low profile applications. A patch antenna blends easily into its surroundings making it a more discreet addition.
However, patch antennas are also available with a ceramic patch. Ceramic patch antennas are growing in popularity due to their low profile design and their effective balance of performance and price.
Generally a patch antenna will appear as a flat square or in a round plastic housing with the radiating elements inside. But patch plates for patch antennas can be implemented in a variety of shapes, for example but not limited to, circles and rectangles. It will be apparent that an antenna designer can implement the feed structure of the patch antenna with enhanced feed with a variety of patch plate shapes.
Patch antennas may be utilized in applications wherein it is undesirable to have an antenna which extends substantially from the surface of an object. Patch antennas generally conform to the surface of the object upon which they are mounted, and thus do not extend substantially there from.
An advantage inherent to patch antennas is the ability to have polarization diversity. Patch antennas can easily be designed to have Vertical, Horizontal, Right Hand Circular (RHCP) or Left Hand Circular (LHCP) Polarizations, using multiple feed points, or a single feedpoint with asymmetric patch structures. This unique property allows patch antennas to be used in many areas types of communications links that may have varied requirements. Having said that; patch antennas are similar to sector antennas, they are considered directional antennas. Patch antennas generally have horizontal and vertical beam widths that are similar.
Patch antenna is widely used in many communication systems like GPS satellites which operate at frequency of 1575 MHz and wireless Local Area Network (LAN).
Patch antennas are rarely used at 300MHz to 450MHz, because the conventional dimensions of these antennas are usually one-quarter of a wavelength. Unlike the other PCB antennas, the patch antenna has a ground plane on the other side of the PCB. The impedance of a small patch antenna is similar to the impedance of a whip, because the undriven end of the antenna is open, forming a capacitance. The impedance of a small patch antenna looks like a 1pF to 5pF capacitor with a small series resistance.
The patch antenna is referred to as a microstrip antenna and has a short height and a narrow bandwidth. Microstrip patch antennas are used in modern communication systems due to their low cost, lightweight, and planar structure.
Since patch antennas are durable and can be designed to conform to nearly any shape, they are frequently mounted to the outside of not only aircraft, but spacecraft as well. This type of directional antenna is also suitable for small single-floor office buildings, stores, and many other indoor locations where a central access point is not available. A patch antenna can also used as an external antenna to increase the signal reception and transmission of wireless devices such as cellular telephones and Global Positioning Systems (GPS).
Although patch antennas offer the above-mentioned benefits, the bandwidth of existing patch antennas is generally limited by the chosen dimensions of the patch. This makes many existing patch antenna designs inherently narrow band in theiroperation, and have limited usefulness in certain applications. However, patch Antennas offer effective low-profile designs for a wide range of wireless applications. They are inexpensive to fabricate, light in weight, and can be made conformable with planar and non-planar surfaces.
by: Chris Cowper
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