Poliomyelitis: Is Andemic And Quiescent Agent
Poliomyelitis (polio survivors from the Greek "core" and "-itis" inflammation ")
also known as Heine-Medin disease, infantile spinal paralysis or simply Polio is an acute infectious disease, contagious specifically caused by human three RNA virus of the genus Enterovirus, poliovirus.
Poliovirus infection, transmitted through the digestive tract (oral-fecal) is inapparent in 90 to 95 of subjects and is reflected in the remaining cases with symptoms most often mild and nonspecific (pharyngitis, flu syndrome, vomiting ) . The central nervous system infection, the most serious, complicated about one hundred cases. It causes meningitis and is accompanied in half of cases, a lesion of the motor neurons of the anterior horn of the spinal cord that defines itself or poliomyelitis acute anterior poliomyelitis. This results in an asymmetrical flaccid paralysis affecting the lower limbs more often.
Polio has been described and studied in the nineteenth century by Heine and Medin. From the 1880s until the second half of the twentieth century, the disease has raged worldwide in epidemic and disabled or killed several million people. The advances in hygiene and especially the vaccination, discovered by Salk and Sabin, allowed a considerable reduction of its impact. Since 1988, eradicate polio been a global initiative under the aegis of WHO, UNICEF and Rotary International.
The campaign of mass vaccination has increased its impact 350 000 new cases per year in 1988 to about 1500 in 2008 and its eradication is official throughout the Americas, Europe and the WHO Western Pacific regions, including China. In 2008, the disease was still endemic in four countries (Nigeria, India, Pakistan and Afghanistan), which concentrated almost all cases. An outbreak in Tajikistan at the beginning of 2010 recalls, however, that the virus is still circulating .
Although the first outbreaks of polio have been identified in the twentieth century, poliovirus is probably pathogenic to humans for several millennia. It is difficult however to date the great epidemics of the twentieth century before the formal obligation to report cases of polio in each country, having been taken at the beginning of the century (first in Sweden and Norway - 1905 - then the U.S. in 1909, in Great Britain in 1911 and in France in 1936).
Until the nineteenth century, polio was endemic and quiescent agent, from 1910, epidemics become routine throughout the industrialized world, mostly in cities and during the summer months. Together with the advancement of knowledge, the evolution of the disease, with sometimes tragic epidemic crises, conditioned knowledge that doctors and people could be.
Some engravings of ancient Egypt depict figures handicapped certain features of poliomyelitis (adult members amyotrophy, children walking with canes) and English Egyptologists have there fifty years, found traces of polio on a skeleton dating from 3400 BC . In what tradition attributed to Hippocrates and Galen first then there are some indications of paralysis which may suggest poliomyelitis.
If doctors Michael Underwood in 1784 and Giovanni Battista Monteggia in 1813, are credited with the first descriptions of the polio disease characterized by a febrile period of several days, followed by paralysis of the legs (sometimes symptoms presented by other diseases such as diphtheria ), it was not until the 1860s that doctors began to describe the specific damage to the spinal cord caused by disease, and it does see its called scientific name of "Polio" which means "inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord" quen 1874 (poliomyelitis anterior acuta expression is Adolf Kussmaul).
Until the symptoms of polio had been successively described in the early nineteenth century, under the names of paralysis dental infantile spinal paralysis, paralysis of essential child (Barthez and Rilliet, 1851), regressive paralysis, myelitis horns earlier (Seguin), tephromyalite (Greek tephros "ash gray; Charcot 1872), regressive paralysis (Barlow) and paralysis in the morning (West, 1843).
Jakob Heine in it that we owe the first accurate description, though incomplete, the disease described in his book of 1840 Beobachtungen Lehmungszustende und deren Behandlung untern Extremiteten. However, it introduces the term Spinale Kinderlehmung in the second edition published in 1860 under the title Spinale Kinderlehmung. Monograph. The German surgeon creates the clinical entity that differs clearly from cerebral palsy and hemiplegia. He hypothesizes the epidemic of the disease and suggests the location of lesions in the anterior horn of the spinal cord.
The latter case, also issued by Guillaume Duchenne de Boulogne of electrification was confirmed by autopsies performed by Andre Victor Cornil in 1863 and his student Jean-Martin Charcot in 1870 who actually found histological alterations. It seems that, Duchenne, the localization of lesions in the anterior horns were well accepted for spinal paralysis of the child; originality dystrophy has been to suggest similar localization for spinal paralysis of adults .
by: Laura Steinfield
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