Properties Of Acids
Compounds which when dissolved in water, produce Hydronium ions (H3O+) as the only positively charged ions are acids
. All acid molecules necessarily contain ionizable Hydrogen atoms. These hydrogen ions explain the properties of acids. When dissolved in water, their molecules ionize to give positively charged Hydrogen ions.These positively charged Hydrogen ions combine with water molecules to form Hydronium ions, because Hydrogen ions cannot exist independently in the solution.
Examples:-
Hydrochloric acid: HCl + H2O ? H3O+ + Cl-
Sulphuric acid: H2SO4 + H2O ? H3O+ + Cl-
Nitric acid: HNO3 + H2O ? 2H3O+ + SO42-
Acetic acid: CH3COOH + H20 ? H30+ + CH3COO-
Physical Properties of Acids:-
Acids have a sour taste.
Some acids are solids, some are liquids and some are gases at room temperature:
Name of acid:-Formula:-Physical state at room temperature:-
Boric acidH3BO3Solid
Oxalic acid(COOH)2Solid
Acetic acidCH3COOHLiquid at room temperature
Formic acidHCOOHLiquid at room temperature
Carbonic acidH2CO3Liquid at room temperature
Hydrochloric acidHClLiquid at room temperature
Nitric acidHNO3Liquid at room temperature
Sulfurous acidH2SO3Liquid at room temperature
Sulfuric acidH2SO4Non volatile acid
Phosphoric acidH3PO4Non volatile acid
Acids change the colors of indicators:
Indicator:-Color change when in acidic medium:-
LitmusBlue ? red
Methyl OrangeOrange ? Pink
PhenolphthaleinNo color change
Here an exception is carbonic acid, which turns litmus paper into pink, because it is a weak acid.
Acids are electrolytes and they allow the conduction of electricity when in their aqueous state.
Chemical Properties of Acids:-
The reactions below explain the important chemical properties of acids
Reactions with active metals:-
Hydrochloric and Sulphuric acids react explosively with active metals like Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K), but react mildly with less active metals like Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Zinc (Zn), etc. In both cases, they produce metallic salts and hydrogen. Their reactions are:-
WORD EQUATION : Metal + acid ? Salt + Hydrogen
EQUATIONS :
Calcium:- Ca + 2HCl ? CaCl2 + H2 ?
Magnesium:- Mg + H2SO4 ? MgSO4 + H2?
Iron:- Fe + H2SO4 ? FeSO4 + H2 ?
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Neutralization with bases:-
Neutralization is the name of the reaction between acids and bases in which they form salt and water.
WORD EQUATION : Acid + Base ? Salt + Water
EQUATIONS :
NaOH + HCl ? NaCl + H2O
NaOH + HNO3 ? NaNO3 + H2O
CuO + H2SO4 ? CuSO4 + H2O
Reaction with carbonates/bicarbonates:-
Acids react with metallic carbonates and bicarbonates to produce metallic salts, water and liberate Carbon dioxide.
WORD EQUATION : Carbonate/Bicarbonate + Acid ? Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide
EQUATIONS:
Calcium carbonate : CaCO3 + 2HCl ? CaCl2 + H2O + CO2?
Calcium bicarbonate: Ca(HCO3)2 + 2HCl ? CaCl2 + 2H2O + CO2?
Reaction with sulphites/bisulphites:-
Acids form salts, water and liberate Suphur dioxide gas on reacting with Sulphites/bisulphites.
WORD EQUATION : acid + sulphite/bisulphite ? salt + water + carbon dioxide
EQUATIONS:
Calcium sulhpite: CaSO3 + HCl ? CaCl2 + H2O + SO2?
Sodium bisulphite: NaHSO3 + HCl ? NaCl + H2O + SO2?
Reaction with sulphides:-
Acids react with sulphides to liberate Hydrogen Sulphide gas:
WORD EQUATION : Acid + Sulphide ? Salt + Hydrogen Sulphide
EQUATIONS :
ZnS + 2HCl ? ZnCl2 + H2S ?
FeS + H2SO4 ? FeSO4 + H2S ?
Reaction with chlorides:-
Chlorides do not react with any of the acids, but only react with concentrated Sulphuric acid on warming. This reaction produces vapors of Hydrogen Chloride:
WORD EQUATION : Conc. Sulphuric acid + Chloride ? Salt + Hydrogen Chloride
EQUATIONS :
This reaction takes place on warming at temperatures below 200 degrees Celsius:
NaCl + H2SO4 ? NaHSO4 + HCl ?
Reaction with Nitrates:-
Nitrates, also do not react with dilute acids generally. They only react in two cases:
Lead Nitrate reacts with diluted HCl and H2SO4 :
Pb(NO3)2 + HCl ? PbCl2 + HNO3
Pb(NO3)2 + H2SO4 ? PbSO4+ HNO3
2. When nitrates are heated with concentrated Sulphuric acid, they form Nitric acid:
KNO3 + H2SO4 ? KHSO4 + HNO3 - This reaction occurs below 200 C
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