Radiation Is Everywhere, but How to Rate Harm?

Radiation Is Everywhere, but How to Rate Harm

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radiation is a process in which particles or energy or waves travel through a medium or space. There are two distinct types of radiation; and non-ionizing. The word radiation is commonly used in reference to ionizing radiation only (i.e., having sufficient energy to ionize an atom), but it may also refer to non-ionizing radiation The energy radiates (i.e., travels outward in straight lines in all directions) from its source. This geometry naturally leads to a system of that are equally applicable to all types of radiation. Both ionizing and non-ionizing radiation can be harmful to and can result in changes to the

Radiation with sufficiently high Most often, this occurs when an electron is stripped (or 'knocked out') from an electron shell, which leaves the atom with a net positive charge. Because and more importantly the DNA can be damaged, this ionization can result in an increased chance of An individual cell is made of of atoms. The probability of ionizing radiation causing cancer is dependent upon the of the radiation and the sensitivity of the organism being irradiated.

Neutrons are categorized according to their speed. High-energy (high-speed) neutrons have the ability to ionize atoms and are able to deeply penetrate materials. Neutrons are the only type of ionizing radiation that can make other objects, or material, radioactive. This process, called is the primary method used to produce radioactive sources for use in medical, academic, and industrial applications.

High-energy neutrons can travel great distances in air and typically require hydrogen rich shielding, such as concrete or water, to block them. A common source of neutron radiation occurs inside a , where many feet of water is used as effective shielding.

X-rays are electromagnetic waves with a wavelength smaller than about 10 A smaller wavelength corresponds to a higher energy according to the equation ("E" is Energy; "h" is Planck's Constant; "c" is the speed of light; "" is wavelength.) A "packet" of electromagnetic waves is called a When an X-ray photon collides with an atom, the atom may absorb the energy of the photon and boost an electron to a higher orbital level or if the photon is very energetic, it may knock an electron from the atom altogether, causing the atom to ionize. Generally, a larger atom is more likely to absorb an X-ray photon, since larger atoms have greater energy differences between orbital electrons. Soft tissue in the human body is composed of smaller atoms than the calcium atoms that make up bone, hence there is a contrast in the absorption of X-rays. X-ray machines are specifically designed to take advantage of the absorption difference between bone and soft tissue, allowing physicians to examine structure in the human body

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