Russian History Continued
Future development of the state after the Troubles were determined by the task of rebuilding the country
. The country needed a centralized management authority, to overcome the collapse of the tax system, economic decline, rampant crime, reduction of defense. Gradually, in the hands of the king focused completeness of the supreme, the legislative, executive and judicial branches. Central government agencies, called orders, reporting directly to the king. In the first Romanov system orders continued to grow with the complexity of administrative tasks. Orders were divided into nation-wide (Ambassadors, Local, discharge, robbery, Great Treasury, more coming, etc.) and spatial (Siberian, Malorossiysky, etc.).
Important place in the administrative structure of the occupied Boyar Duma, which amounted to the terms of the closest advisers and staff of the king. In the Duma were mostly representatives of the aristocratic families. Under Tsar Alexis in it were introduced most competent people from the middle nobility. Technical functions performed in the Duma clerks, secretaries and speakers. Duma, having legislative powers, discussed administrative and judicial matters, was the decrees and laws. Members of the City Council for specific activities have created special commissions, and appoints ambassadors, heads of orders, the governor.
Muscovy, in a state of continuous war, badly in need of a regular army. As the stabilization of public finances are part of the military who wore more regular than the citizen army. It was the dragoon the scene and infantry regiments. At the military service involved in the formation of Cossack.
By increasing centralism in management, the Moscow kings understood the dangers of bias toward the total administration. They recognized the existence of the Church of the moral traditions and legal rules that limit the autocracy. It was impossible not to reckon with the growing civil consciousness of his subjects, which was reflected in the work of the Zemsky Sobor, representing all the Russian lands and cities. Opinion Zemsky Sobor for Mikhail and Alexey Romanov were significant. Zemsky Sobor met almost continuously during the first 10 years of the reign of Michael, they actively helped the restoration of the Russian state after the Troubles. And in the future key to public life matters were "the council of the whole earth" - Cathedrals discussed taking of Azov Cossacks (1642), a new set of laws (1648) and others to discuss more specific issues, the Government has repeatedly convened meetings of representatives of individual classes.
After the Troubles in connection with the centralization of management curtailed the powers of local government, all the land of the country from Moscow, was sent generals to climb on their hands with military and civil authority. However, in some central and most northern counties of county-maintained former self - headed "vseuezdnyh worlds" were placed elected mayor. There also remains a peasant and Cossack self-government, landowners and officials had to deal with the peasant communities, acting on the principles of mutual responsibility and protect its members.
First Romanovs sought to elements of centralization and social policy. All estates were obliged to serve the state and differed only by the nature of their assigned duties. The population was divided by the servicemen and taxpaying people.
At the head of the service class standing about a hundred boyar families - descendants of the Great and princes. They have held senior positions in the military and civil administration, but during the XVII century they were gradually crowded come from middle layers of servicemen. Went by the merger of the boyars and nobles in a class of "public service people. According to its social and ethnic roots, he differed noticeable motley: the original access to public service was open to all free people. As the folding of the state organization of the class of servitors became increasingly vicious nature.
The ability to perform their noble duties of the military depended on the availability of their estates labor force, peasants from the transitions from one owner to another. In addition, spontaneous mass migration of peasants to the new land (Ukraine, Wild steppe, Siberia) led to disruptions in the tax system. Government to stabilize the situation seen in the attachment of peasants to the land, that is zakreposchenii2. Attaching to the ground does not mean the enslavement of the peasants, they are still regarded as free men and to complain about the oppression of the landlords in court. However, the power landlords over the peasants gradually increased. The situation was more favorable state and the palace of the peasants, who did not obey the landlords.
Attach to tax affected and other classes, fixed on the ground separate categories of the urban population. The nobility in Russia were not more free than the peasants and townspeople, they were bound by an obligation for life of service. For each social group in the nation-wide structure was accorded a special place. By using flexible tactics, the central government was able to consolidate the structure of the state and the Cossacks. Moscow recognized the Cossacks right to self-government, land ownership, to assist them with food, money and weapons. The Cossacks, for its part, undertook to serve on the borders of Muscovy.
Influential in the XVII century estate was the clergy who held a monopoly in the field of education, culture, ideology. The Orthodox understanding of caste duty as a form of religious service led to the fact that all the people flying the universal public service: the nobility - in person, and the peasants and townspeople - through taxes on the army. It creates a peculiar system of the Russian state of serfdom.
In the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich changes were made in the judicial system. Zemsky Sobor in 1648 produced a new set of laws called "Soborne code". The most important areas of the Code were to protect the interests of nobles and citizens against the background of some limitation of privileges of the boyars and clergy, as well as protectionism in favor of Russian merchants and industrialists. Peasants were legally bound to the land.
Russian History Continued
By: Amanda Anderson
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