Smoking During Pregnancy Is Associated With Criminality In The Offspring

Smoking During Pregnancy Is Associated With Criminality In The Offspring

Mothers who smoke a pack a day or more during pregnancy are 30 percent more likely to have children who become criminals, according to a study released Tuesday.

The link was true even after other factors statistically associated with mental illness criminal behavior, family problems, poverty found.Women outside the study were more likely than men to tend to crime, and both sexes face a increased risk of frequent arrests when their mothers were especially heavy smokers, led by Angela Paradis said.

Researchers School Harvard School of Public Health examined the health and criminal records of 4,000 U.S. adults between 33 and 40. Men and women were part of a long-term health throughout the study in Rhode Island designed to track long-term effects on children of conditions during pregnancy and around birth.

Information collected on smoking habits of mothers who were enrolled in the study between 1959 and 1966.Children whose mothers smoked at least 20 cigarettes per day while expectant were 30 percent likelier to end up with a criminal record, and were also likelier to be repeat offenders.

"While we can certainly conclude that maternal smoking during pregnancy especially heavy smoking is a causal risk factor for adult criminal violation of the law, the results do not support a modest causal connection," the authors concluded.Previous research has shown a strong correlation between mothers who smoke during pregnancy, and a wide range of problems in children, including hyperactivity, poor concentration, and aggressive in early childhood, and juvenile delinquency in adolescence.

Animal studies suggest that these problems may be partly due to the biological effects of nicotine on brain development, especially the neurotransmitters receptors.Chronic offenders are likely to suffer disorders.The neuropsychological research appears in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, published the British Medical Association (BMA).

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