The Cattell 16pf Test Explained
The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) is a comprehensive evaluation of normal-range personality
. Created by Raymond Cattell, the 16PF was originally published in 1949 and is a questionnaire for personality assessment measuring no fewer than 16 temperament traits.
The 16PF scales that Cattell constructed evaluate a persons personality style of contemplating, perceiving, and acting over time and in various circumstances. These character traits are witnessed through a persons mental outlook, preferences, habits and emotional reactions. These traits may be as result of disposition, or learnt over time from experiences. Traits may be impulsive for defensive reasons, or they may come from habit or from autonomous operating. Because of their prevalence, these traits may effect literally every aspect of how an individual acts and functions in their environment.
The 16PF Questionnaire has a long history of empirical research and is embedded in a well-established theory of individual differences.
Cattell established a multi-level, hierarchical organisation of personality. The second-order global evaluation describe personality at a broader, abstract level, while the more specific primary factors unveil the fine details and distinctions that make each person unique. This makes the primary factors more effective in predicting actual behaviour.
The sixteen Primary Scales are shown below with illustrations of the descriptor related to them. Because the 16PF test has been around since the 1940s, there have been at least five editions, which goes to explain the odd letter coding sequence for each scale:
Warmth (A) impersonal vs outgoing
Reasoning (B) less intelligent vs more intelligent
Emotional Stability (C) easily upset vs mature
Dominance (E) deferential vs forceful
Liveliness (F) serious vs enthusiastic
Rule-Consciousness (G) expedient vs moralistic
Social Boldness (H) shy vs thick-skinned
Sensitivity (I) objective vs sentimental
Vigilance (L) unsuspecting vs vigilant
Abstractedness (M) grounded vs absent-minded
Privateness (N) open vs non-disclosing
Apprehension (O) self-assured vs apprehensive
Openness to Change (Q1) conservative vs liberal
Self-Reliance (Q2) group-oriented vs self-reliant
Perfectionism (Q3) tolerated disorder vs organised
Tension (Q4) patient vs high energy
The 16PF5 model groups the 16 Factors together into 5 composite themes. called the 'Big Five' factors, which is also known as the 'Five Global' factors. By aggregating the 16 factors into the 5 factors, we can achieve a sharper comprehension of the underlying personality. By looking at the 16 factors that are the foundation of the 16PF5 model it is possible to go deep into the relevant factors to see what part of their personality is driving the behaviour.
The Five Global factors are shown below, with illustrations of the descriptors related to them.
Extraversion - introverted, socially inhibited vs extroverted, socially participative
Anxiety Neuroticism - low anxiety, unperturbed vs easily worried and generally tense
Tough-Mindedness - receptive, open-minded, intuitive vs tough-minded, resolute, unempathic
Independence - accommodating, agreeable, selfless vs independent, persuasive, willful
Self-Control - free-thinking, impulsive vs structured, inhibited
Because the 16PF test has been around for many decades, it is the most widely used system for categorising and defining personality. Meredith Belbins model and examining instruments on explaining team functioning uses the Cattell 16PF model. The personality theory behind the 16PF differs from that behind the MBTI.
The 16PF test takes between 25 35 minutes to complete and can be done online.
The outcomes of the 16PF test are provided through an interpretive report or through a career development report. The career development report is particularly of benefit if your main priority is in finding or changing your career. Feedback from the reports are best done via person-to-person consultation and verification by a qualified practitioner.
by: Alison Price
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