The U.S. Unemployment: A Brief History

While at all times, certain groups of people were in a state of involuntary unemployment

, unemployment in its present sense was the product of the capitalist system of production. Increase in the number of enterprises, expansion of production and increasing specialization of labor contributed to the formation of such a system of economic relations in society, in which it became inevitable generation of potentially vulnerable groups.

To the extent that, as more and more people become employees of companies and enterprises, the more dependent employees from wages, salaries, fees, medical and social benefits and. etc. Accordingly, the financial and economic crises, their survival, at least in the current level of development of market relations, depends entirely on the payment by employers. The term "unemployed" was given its present value in the late 19 th century.

Since the Civil War and before World War II, the unemployment rate in the U.S. ranged from 4 ... 5% in relatively good years and reached 15% in the period of economic crisis. The problem of unemployment has reached its apotheosis in 1930 during the Great Depression, when in fact about 25% of Americans were unemployed. Unemployment was an inevitable attribute of the American economy, except for the period of the First and Second World Wars, when the country is able to provide "full employment", and every American who wishes to work, getting work.

The unemployment problem has attracted the attention of state officials did not immediately. In periods of economic disturbances late 19 th century, trade unions and political parties representing the interests of workers, began to require the development of special public employment programs, as well as assistance from state governments and local authorities. For example, in 1894, a businessman and a populist from Ohio Jakob Coxie began to promote the program of state support employment. Under his plan, the state should have to spend $ 500 million and hire the unemployed to carry out government orders. However, his ideas were not approved in conservative circles, and when it became clear that it is not supported as the U.S. Congress, he organized the first in U.S. history, a mass campaign of the unemployed on Washington. Hike the so-called "Army of Coke" began in Ohio March 25, 1894. However, at the time of Washington's approach to the number of participants of the tour was considerably reduced. 500 unemployed people arrived in the capital on May 1 with a demand to Congress to fund the creation of jobs for the unemployed. The marchers were dispersed by armed police, and the Cox was arrested for assault on someone else's property (Cox only walked a few meters to a private lawn) and sentenced to 20 days in jail.

The situation changed in the early 20 th century, when the pressure from trade unions has increased, and employers were forced to make some concessions. It was during this period in the U.S. was first developed the first program of economic regulation and the payment of unemployment benefits. However, only after the Great Depression of the 1930's problem began to be seriously considered at the state level. Were established many programs to combat unemployment and the state for the first time in U.S. history, though unofficially, assumed responsibility for providing employment, creating many jobs in the public sector. At the same time, the popularity of which was the theory of British economist John Maynard Keynes (formulated, in particular, his work "General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money") also contributed to the creation of new governmental mechanisms to combat unemployment.

In the 70's and in 1982 the first time since the Great Depression of the 30-ies the U.S. unemployment rate surpassed 10%. Unemployment has reached a particularly high among young people and African Americans. At 50 ... 60's the number of unemployed African Americans, younger than 25 years, 2 ... 3 times the number of unemployed whites. The uneven distribution of unemployment was also observed in various regions of the United States. The main part of growing unemployment has fallen to states of the U.S. Midwest in the 70's, and "oil" states - Texas and Louisiana in the late 80's.

The U.S. Unemployment: A Brief History

By: John B.

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