What is History And How To Learn it?
Interest in the past there ever since emerged as the human race
. This interest is difficult to explain a human curiosity. The fact that the man himself - being a historical site. It grows, changes, develops over time, is a product of this development.
The original meaning of the word "history" goes back to the ancient Greek term meaning "investigation", "recognition", "establishment". History was identified with the authentication, the truth of events and facts. In Roman Historiography (Historiography - the branch of historical scholarship, learn its history), this word came to signify not the way to recognition, and the story about the events of the past. Soon the "history" came to be known in general, every story about an event, incident, real or fictional. Currently, we use the word "history" in two senses: first, to describe the story of the past, and secondly, when it comes to science that studies the past.
The subject of history is ambiguous. The subject of history can be social, political, economic, demographic history, the history of the city, village, family and private life. Defining the subject of history is subjective, is associated with the ideology of the state and outlook of the historian. Historians, standing on the materialist position, believe that history as a science studying the laws of social development, which ultimately depend on the method of production of material goods. This approach gives priority to the economy, society - and not the people - for a reason. Historians have taken a liberal position, convinced that the object of study of history is a person (personality) in fulfillment of the natural rights granted by nature. The famous French historian Marc Bloch has defined the history "as the science of human beings in time."
Scientific category. Whatever the subject or studied by historians, they all use in their scientific research categories: the movement of history (historic period, historical space), a historical fact, the theory study (methodological interpretation).
The historical movement includes the interrelated scientific category historical time and historical space.
Historical time moves only forward. Each segment of the movement in historical time is woven from thousands of links, material and spiritual, he is unique and unparalleled. Beyond the concept of historical time history does not exist. The events following one after another, form a time series. There are internal connections between events in the time series.
The concept of historical time repeatedly changed. This is reflected in the periodization of the historical process. Almost until the end of XVIII century, historians have distinguished the era of rule of sovereigns. French historians in the XVIII century, they began to age of savagery, barbarism and civilization.
At the end of XIX century, historians divide the history of materialist society formations: the primitive communal, slave, feudal, capitalist and communist. At the turn of the XXI century historical liberal periodization divides society into periods: the traditional, industrial, information (postindustrial). [About historical time, see also: the historical facts]
Under the historic space defined as the combination of natural and geographical, economic, political, socio-cultural processes in a certain area. Under the influence of natural and geographical factors that shape everyday life of peoples, classes, psychology; are added features of the socio-political and cultural life. From ancient times arose the division of peoples to the west and east. This means not belonging to the West (Europe) or East (Asia) in the geographical sense, and common historical destiny, the social life of these peoples. The notion of "historical space" is often used outside the context of a specific territory. For example, the Christian world has been synonymous with the West and Muslim - synonymous with the East.
Historical fact - is a real event of the past. All the past of mankind is woven of historical facts, many of them. Fact - the war of Alexander of Macedon, a fact - a single event of the personal life of one man. Specifically, the historical facts we get from historical sources (for historical sources refer to all the remnants of the past which had seceded historical evidence, reflecting the real human impact. All sources can be divided into groups: written, physical, ethnographic, folklore, language, cinema and photo documents). All the past of mankind consists of facts, but for the historical facts of the picture you want to build a logical chain, and explain them.
In historical science distinguished simple and complex historical facts. If the first amount to events, incidents (conventional wisdom), the latter already includes the time of interpretation - interpretation. For complex historical facts include those that explain the processes and historical structures (war, revolution, serfdom, absolutism). In order to clearly breeding research categories, we believe it possible to speak only about the simple facts - generally accepted truths.
What is History And How To Learn it?
By: Zhenya T
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