subject: Russia in the 20-ies [print this page] Russia in the 20-ies Russia in the 20-ies
The State and pravoPosle the civil war in Soviet Russia after acute socio-political crisis, caused discontent among the peasants policy of "war communism. Peasant revolts against the grain requisitioning winter 1920/21. acquired the character of armed uprisings against the Bolsheviks in the Tambov and Voronezh provinces and western Siberia, to suppress which the Bolsheviks used the regular troops. From February 28 to March 18, 1921 against the policy of the Bolsheviks were the sailors of the Baltic Fleet and the Kronstadt garrison. They demanded that the Soviets re-election, freedom of speech and press, freedom for political prisoners, etc. This mood is the general public could not but affect the situation in the ruling party, which was scheduled within the division.
A way out was found at the Tenth Congress of the RCP (B.), held in March 1921 his decision to hire labor on the resolution on a large scale private ownership, replace the surplus tax in kind and free trade was designed to meet the most pressing demands of the peasantry and part of the working class. They initiated the implementation of the new economic policy, which had the main objectives of restoring the destroyed during World War I and the civil wars of the Russian economy and the establishment of normal economic relations between the working class and peasantry. Congress also adopted a resolution "On Party Unity", aimed at to remove the tensions between its various leaders. At the same time it was decided to eliminate the existence in Russia of other political parties.
In connection with the decisions of the Soviet power, which allows private ownership, has reorganized the punitive organs of state power and the legislative framework of their activities. February 8, 1922 a decree was issued the Central Executive Committee on the Elimination of the Cheka and its transfer to the NKVD. This was due to end civil war and the need to move away from emergency authorities. As part of the NKVD was produced by the State Political Administration / GPU / having their bodies on the ground. Thus, the political affairs were highlighted in a special production.
In 1922, VI Lenin ordered the judicial authorities to develop and adopt a penal code, which would meet the new realities. Soon new Soviet legislation came into effect. In June and July 1922 held the first political process in Soviet Russia, over 47 leaders of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, which ended with the death penalty 14 defendants. However, under pressure of world public opinion sentence was commuted to banishment defendants abroad. Socialist Party itself was dissolved. At the same time there was a "dissolve" the Menshevik Party. In late August 1922 from Soviet Russia sailed "philosophical steamer, which took into exile about 160 prominent representatives of national culture. Deportations of political opponents of the Bolsheviks continued thereafter.
The adoption of the Tenth Congress resolution "On Party Unity" does not mean that the leaders of the RCP (b) rigorously followed her. The fact that the acknowledged leader of the Party, Lenin on health grounds in the autumn of 1922 was forced to retire and pass them to his friends. In April 1922, as General Secretary of the Communist Party was appointed IV Stalin. Lenin's deputy as chairman of the government was appointed AI Rykov.
Gradually, between Lenin and Stalin, there is disagreement on matters of principle, the depth of which has escalated as Lenin's departure from the practical leadership of the Party and State. This included the introduction of the monopoly of foreign trade, the establishment of the USSR, etc.
VI Lenin understood the poor choices of Stalin's candidacy to head the ruling party. In written or dictated to them by the turn of 1922-1923 years. articles and letters, the collection of which was called "political testament", he proposed "to undertake a number of changes in our political structure." A special place VI Lenin was assigned the role of the party in the process of building a new society, the unity which, in his view, depended on the future of the Russian Revolution. It is on strengthening the role of the political factor in Soviet society and were sent to his ideas, such as the definition of his possible successor at the head of the Party and State, the increasing role of the Central Committee as an organ of collective leadership, ensuring proper control over the activities of individual managers, involvement in governing bodies of workers from the bench etc. Data VI Lenin's unflattering characteristics of many party leaders forced them to make remarkable efforts in order to be in power.
LD Trotsky, IV Stalin, LB Kamenev, GE Zinoviev believed that each of them is able to: replace VI Lenin and the main task is to remove the most capable opponent. Together they concealed from public view VI Lenin's personal qualities of applicants for power, and then three of them, IV Stalin, LB Kamenev and GE Zinoviev, creating a kind of "triumvirate", brought down criticism on, LD Trotsky, who made a few mistakes in the struggle for power and gave a lot of trump cards in the hands of their rivals. Accused of Trotskyism, who resigned from his post in the army in 1925, LD Trotsky was isolated and no longer able to influence the policies of the party.
The defeat of Trotsky and predestined fate of the "triumvirate". First, there was a split between the center and the Leningrad party organization, headed by GE Zinoviev. He was at the XIV Congress of the CPSU (b) December 1925 made a special platform, defending Leninism is not against Trotskyism and Stalinism, in particular against the concept of IV Stalin about the possibility of building socialism in one country. In addition, GE Zinoviev accused Stalin of "leaderism" that he said contradicted "the precepts of" VI Lenin.
IV Stalin came out the winner in this fight, taking his ally NI Bukharin and strengthening the Central Committee of his proteges VM Molotov, KE Voroshilov, MI Kalinin et al, GE Zinoviev was removed from their posts and his place went to Leningrad SM Kirov, the head of the Comintern Executive Committee was put NI Bukharin.
In 1926 the attempt was made to unite all the opposition who are unhappy IV Stalin. However, this association went too different people who have existed fundamental differences with each other. The opposition has tried to attract the masses of the party and create illegal party structure. However, the unity among the opposition was not, and IV Stalin had succeeded, with the obedient party machine, delete the most prominent opponents of the party, and its chief rival, LD Trotsky, in 1928, sent from Moscow.
IV Stalin in his struggle for power openly used the resolution "On Party Unity", which prohibits the factionalism and forcing the minority to accept the will of the majority. In the fight against political opponents IV Stalin became increasingly rely on organs of the OGPU, which was for the surveillance of the opposition began to go to the open interference in the internal party struggle, giving trumps the one side against another. Evidence obtained by security officers, are increasingly used in political struggle and became the basis for organizing new political processes.
In the late 20-ies started active legislative activity that seeks to create favorable conditions for the secret police. The third session of III convocation of the Central Executive Committee 25 February 1927 enacted the first chapter of Article 58 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR "Crimes state. Immediately, the work on the preparation of such processes.
In 1928 he was tainted by "Shakhty case", which on charges of industrial sabotage were the so-called bourgeois specialists. Already this process sounded very popular allegation was convicted in connection with the Western community. At the end of 1928 falls finale of dealing with LD Trotsky and his supporters. Sam LD Trotsky, in January 1929 was expelled from the Soviet Union and its allies were exiled to the periphery.
