subject: Russian History Part 2 [print this page] In autumn 1904 the organizational shape Octobrist Party (Union of October 17). The name of the party reflects its satisfaction with the assignments of the tsarist government, enshrined in the Manifesto of October 17, 1905 Liberal Octobrists program was aimed at establishing a constitutional monarchy, the legislative reforms, denied the revolutionary violence.
The number of the Union of October 17 in 1907 reached 60 thousand members. Social structure has been uneven: the industrialists, bankers, merchants, bureaucrats, landlords, teachers, doctors, priests, peasants. In St. Petersburg, Sormovo and some other cities were established labor organizations "of the Union of October 17. However, the tip of the party belonged to the richest strata of Russian society. Its leaders were a major Moscow businessman AI Guchkov and MV Rodzianko, a large landowner Ekaterinoslav province.
From the monarchist organizations most influential was the Union of Russian People, founded in October 1905 and who had a nationalist tinge. NRC included items such as the unity of the empire, autocracy, removal from public service of opponents of the monarchy, a special approach to the Jewish question. The Union admitted reform with the proviso that they would not be contrary to public interest. In the agrarian question, the NRC maintained Stolypin, in working - called for a reduction in working hours, national insurance, streamlining conditions. The program mentioned on the Limitation of large property, which was associated with the idea of "national reconciliation".
In addition to the Union of the Russian people, the monarchical organizations include the Union of true Russian people, the Chamber of Archangel Michael, the Nationalist Party, etc. By the end of 1907 in the organization, called "Black Hundreds" were registered 410 000 people. There are about a lot of right literature and the press, a sharp critic of the bureaucracy and the liberal intelligentsia. With hostility this press responded and the "new" bourgeoisie: "The bourgeoisie ... threatens state power, labor small, private petty-bourgeois class and the peasantry. Of course, this benefit Freemasons and Jews, to be used for its purpose the Russian bourgeoisie - the bourgeoisie, perhaps the most brazen and low from all the bourgeoisie ... Our homegrown bourgeoisie ... not national and was born with a depraved heart. Russian bourgeoisie, the freshness of an original, infected rot West ... Our bourgeoisie will always remain alien to the people. "
In the confrontation with the opposition the government had pinned great hopes on the support of the Orthodox Church. It was a powerful force: in 1905 in Russia operated 48 375 Orthodox churches, and the number of clergy exceeded 123,000 people. Much of the clergy, advocated an end to disorder and insubordination, and recalls the obligation of believers in relation to the king-edinovlastitelyu.
In 1905 were large-scale anti-bourgeois strikes. The strike movement with varying amplitude persisted until the end of 1905. The highlight of it became the October strike, which threatened to buy all-Russian character. Active were peasant uprisings against the landowners, the unrest in ethnic minority areas. Finale 1905 were the December clashes between opponents and supporters of the authorities in Moscow, grew into a barricade fighting.
The events of 1905 forced tsarist government to make serious adjustments in their policies. Most political parties (except the Bolsheviks, anarchists, Socialist-maximalist) evaluated the revolution as successful. The Government has provided opportunities for the legal activities of parties, convened the State Duma - the elected legislature, declared democratic liberties, has issued laws that give working social security guarantees, the preparation of the agrarian reform.
By 1907 in Russia have created new state agencies that have contributed to the development of parliamentarism, although they are still going strong was the role of executive bodies. And the executive (Council of Ministers, the Imperial Chancellery), and the legislature (State Duma and State Council) were subordinate to the emperor, which embodied the supreme power. In this case the Council of Ministers in addition to the executive and put even zakonosoveschatelnye function. Emperor subordinated to the Government of the Senate (the highest authority of the court and supervision) and the Holy Synod (the supreme governing body of the Orthodox Church).
Created by the state system centralization prevailed. Unlike Western Europe, where parliamentary traditions formed over the centuries, the Russian parliament in 1906, began to accumulate experience with virtually zero. He needed some time to develop a political culture as deputies and voters. Duma tackled many important issues, enact new laws and claimed the state budget of the country, often to initiate legislation. However, inadequate legislative and procedural mechanisms, diversity of composition, psychological mood of the Duma deputies are not allowed to be the leader of state-building process. She became the scene of inter-party polemics, often takes the form vzaimoobvineny and vzaimorazoblacheny.
The State Duma has failed to revive the state-clerk system, restore the historical tradition of the Zemsky Sobor. She could not serve as a bonding social forces, to establish harmonious work - both the left and the liberals have denied many of Russia's age-old moral values, negativistic attitude to Russian history. Mechanically copying the Western European social models and designs, which were based on a different mentality, the Liberals did not bother to in-depth analysis of how these models lie on the Russian soil.
Imperial power, manifested itself after the defeat of the Japanese war of self-doubt, succeeded in 1906-1907. take the initiative in solving domestic problems, but in later years, relatively stable political situation in the country.
