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InHinduism,Avatar orAvatra (Devanagari ,Sanskrit for "descent" [viz., from heaven to earth]) refers to a deliberate descent of a deity from heaven to earth, and is mostly translated into English as "incarnation", but more accurately as "appearance" or "manifestation".[1]
The term is most often associated withVishnu, though it has also come to be associated with other deities.[2] Varying lists of avatars of Vishnu appear in Hindu scriptures, including the tenDashavatara of theGaruda Purana and the twenty-two avatars in theBhagavata Purana, though the latter adds that the incarnations of Vishnu are innumerable.[3] The avatars of Vishnu are a primary component ofVaishnavism. An early reference to avatar, and to avatardoctrine, is in theBhagavad Gita.[4]
The Sanskrit nounavatra is derived from the verbal roott "to cross over", joined with the prefixava "off , away , down". The word doesn't occur in the Vedas, but is recorded inPini (3.3.120).Avatra was initially used to describe different deities, then around the 6th century CE it began to be used primarily to describe the manifestations ofVishnu.[6] While earlier texts mention deities taking on different forms, theBhagavad Gita (4.5-9) is the first text to discuss the doctrine associated with the term even though the wordavatra itself is not mentioned.[7]
The common translation "incarnation" due to itschristological implications is somewhat misleading as the concept of avatar corresponds more closely to the view ofDocetism in Christian theology, as different from the idea of God 'in the flesh' in mainstreamChristology.[8][9]
Related to the idea of avatar is that ofvibhti, that is, the idea of manifestations of the divine in various aspects of human life and the natural world.[10]
