subject: The Part Of The Leaf Organs [print this page] In Botany, the spur is the body or part of the leaf organs ( sepals , petals , etc..) projecting outwardly from the base of the corolla or calyx .
Collaborate in the pollination via entomological when in its final home nectaries to attract insects to suck their nectar , are close to the stamens and are impregnated with pollen . Typical is the case of butterflies , whose proboscis usually equal in length to the spur, so that cases have been postulated coadaptation between species of flowering plant and the moth.
Spore in biology means a reproductive cell usually haploid and unicellular . Reproduction by spores while allowing dispersal and survival for a long time ( dormancy ) in adverse conditions. The spore produces a new organism to divide by mitosis without fusing with another cell , producing a gametophyte multicellular . The spore is an important element in biological life cycles of plants, fungi and algae . The term derives from the Greek sp??? ( spore ), " seed ". Spores can be classified according to their function, structure, origin of life cycle or their mobility.
The term can also refer to the inactive phase of some bacteria , which are more properly called endospores and spores are not considered here in the sense. Most fungi produce spores, those who do not are called fungi asporgenos .
Diasporas are dispersal units of fungi , moss and some other plants . In yeast, the chlamydospore spores are marked resting and zygosporas are a resting spores that seems resulting thick. The hipnozigotos of fungi Zygomycetes which are produced through sexual intercourse and can result in a conidiospora ("zygosporangium") with the asexual conidiospores.
In fungi , the spores are often classified by the structure produced during meiosis , eg Telium , ascus , basidium , or oogonium , which produce teliospore , the ascospores , the basidiospores , and oospores , respectively. Since fungi are often classified according to their spore-producing structures, these spores are often characteristic of a particular taxonomy of fungi, such as dispersal units, so we Ascomycota or Basidiomycota .
Meiospora is the product of meiosis (the critical cytogenetic stage of sexual reproduction ), which means they are haploid , and will result in a cell haploid haploid individual oo. One example is the gametophyte of higher vascular plants ( angiosperms and gymnosperms , the microspores give rise to pollen ) and megaspores give rise to eggs, which are within the flower and conifer cones , such plants achieve dispersion by means of the seed .
A mitospora occurs by a mechanism of sporulation and is spread by half asexual result of mitosis . Most fungi produce mitoesporas.
Motility is the ability to move autonomously and spontaneously. The spores are divided as to move or not. The zoospore can move through one or more flagella and can be found in some algae and fungi . The aplanoespora can not move, but grows on their flagella. In both autoespora can not move and has the potential to develop any scourge. The ballestoespora actively discharged from the body of a fungicide fruit (such as mushroom ). The estatismoespora not actively discharged from the body of the fruit fungicide, similarly to the puffball .
The endospores of certain bacteria that are often incorrectly called spores, as seen in 2001 of the Anthrax attacks, where Anthrax endospores were incorrectly called Anthrax spores by the media. Several state differences between bacterial endospores and eukaryotic spores: they are primarily a survival mechanism, not a reproductive method, and a bacterium produces only a single endospore.
In the case of vascular plants as ferns , wind distribution provides a large capacity for dispersion of spores. Also, spores are less subject to animal predation than seeds because they contain almost no food reserve, however they are more subject to fungal and bacterial predation. Its main advantage is that, of all forms of progeny, spores require less energy and materials to produce. The vascular plant spores are always haploid and vascular plants are like homosporas or heterosporous. The heterosporous, for example spikemoss , Quillwort , and some aquatic ferns produce spores of two different sizes: the larger spore in effect functioning as " female and the smallest as male . Spores can be divided as spores or trilete monolete. In monolete spores, there is a single line in the spore indicating the axis in which the mother spore was split into four along a vertical axis. In trilete spores, all four spores share a common origin and are in mutual contact, so when they separate each spore shows three lines radiating from a center pole.
The sporangium is the structure of plants , fungi or algae that produces and contains the spores . 1 sporangia are found in angiosperms , gymnosperms , ferns and their relatives in the bryophytes , algae and fungi.
Regarding the life cycle of plants, those plants whose generation diplonte is multicellular (having " sporophyte "), called sporangium to the structure born in the sporophyte that specializes in carrying out meiosis that give the spores haploid ( n).
In yeast , the sporocarp (also called fruitbody or fruiting body ) is a multicellular structure formed on other structures that produce spores , such as basidia or asci . The fruiting body is part of the sexual phase of the life cycle of a mushroom, with the rest of their reproductive cycle characterized by the growth vegetative mycelium .
The sporocarp of a Basidiomycota is known as a basidiocarp , while the fruiting body of a Ascomycota is known as an ascocarp . There is a significant range of different shapes and morphologies found in both basidiocarps as ascocarps, these makings play an important role in the identification and taxonomy of fungi.
The fruiting bodies are termed epigeous if it grows above ground, such as mushrooms ordinary, while others grow below ground and are hipgeas . The epigeous sporocarps that are visible to the naked eye, especially the morphology of fruiting bodies more or less agaricoide are often referred to as mushrooms , while hypogeous fungi usually are called truffles or false truffles . Truffles have been lost during evolution the ability to disperse their spores via air currents, choosing the path of animal feed and subsequent dispersal of spores.
In the collection amateur, and the mycology academic, identification of higher fungi based on sporocarp structures.
In the plants , and those algae that share with the first having alternation of generations heterophasic, called sporophyte phase to diploid multicellular, which produces by meiosis spores haploid (meiosporas), whose development derived haploid individuals called gametophytes .
A sporophyte develops by cell proliferation (mitosis) from a zygote formed by fertilization , ie, the fusion of two gametes or sex cells haploid, arising in specialized organs called gametangia which develop on the gametophyte .
