subject: Bungie - Angle Seat Valve manufacturer - Machinery parts [print this page] History Founding Bungie was founded in May 1991 by Alex Seropian to self-publish his video game, Operation: Desert Storm. The origin of the name "Bungie" is the subject of conflicting answers. Many in the company treat it as a closely guarded secret, and while a bonus disc provided in the Halo 3 Legendary Edition states the name is "the punchline to a dirty joke", the explanation has been used before by Bungie for other questions as explanations for other company secrets. According to the Marathon Scrapbook Seropian "agonized over what he would name his company, finally settling on 'Bungie' because 'it sounded fun.'" The company's first game was called Gnop! (Pong spelled backwards) and was offered free of charge. The team focused on the Macintosh platform, not Windows-based personal computers, because the Mac market was more open and Jones had been raised on the platform. Following Gnop!, Bungie produced Operation Desert Storm, which went on to sell 2,500 copies, and the role-playing game Minotaur: The Labyrinths of Crete in 1992. Bungie next began working on their first 3D game, Pathways into Darkness, which was released in 1993. Pathways was produced by a two-man team consisting of Jones and his friend Colin Brendt. The game was a moderate hit, and attracted attention and money to the company. Soon after Bungie moved from a one-bedroom apartment to a studio in Chicago's South Side; Bungie composer Martin O'Donnell remembered that the studio, a former girl's school next to a crack house, "smelled like a frat house after a really long weekend" and reminded staff of a locale from the Silent Hill horror video games. Marathon, Myth, and Oni Bungie's next project began as a loose sequel to Pathways into Darkness, but evolved into a futuristic first person shooter called Marathon. The first game's success led to a sequel, Marathon 2: Durandal, which was later the first game Bungie ported to Windows 95. The series introduced several elements, including cooperative mode, which made their way to later Bungie games. Bungie's success gave rise to a large third-party developer community as well as a short-lived newsletter published through BBS. Following the success of Marathon, Bungie released the Myth series of games, which stressed tactical unit management as opposed to the resource gathering model of other combat strategy titles. The Myth games won several awards and spawned a large and active online community. Myth: The Fallen Lords was the first Bungie game to be released simultaneously for both Mac and Windows platforms. In 1997, Bungie established Bungie West, a studio in California. Bungie West's first and only game would be Oni, an action title for the Mac, PC and PlayStation 2. Halo and buyout In 1999, Bungie announced its next product, Halo, as a first-person action game for Windows and Macintosh. Halo's public unveiling occurred at the Macworld Expo 1999 keynote address by Apple's then-interim-CEO Steve Jobs (after a closed-door screening at E3 in 1999). On June 19, 2000, soon after Halo's preview at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2000, Microsoft announced that it had acquired Bungie Software and that Bungie would become a part of the Microsoft Game Division under the name Bungie Studios. Halo would be developed as an exclusive title for the Xbox. The reasons for Bungie accepting Microsoft's offer were varied. Jones stated that "I don't remember the details exactly, it was all a blur. We'd been talking to people for years and yearsefore we even published Marathon, Activision made a serious offer. But the chance to work on Xboxhe chance to work with a company that took the games seriously. Before that we worried that we'd get bought by someone who just wanted Mac ports or didn't have a clue." Martin O'Donnell, who had joined Bungie as an employee only ten days before the merger was announced, remembers that the stability of the Xbox as a development platform was not the only benefit. Around the same time, it was discovered that Asian versions of Myth II could entirely erase a player's hard drive; the glitch led to a massive recall of the games right before they shipped, which cost Bungie nearly one million dollars. O'Donnell stated in a Bungie podcast that this recall created some financial uncertainty, although accepting the offer was not something "Bungie had to do." Seropian and Jones had refused to accept Microsoft's offer until the entire studio agreed to the buyout. As a result of the buyout, the rights to Myth and Oni were transferred to Take-Two Interactive as part of the three-way deal between Microsoft, Bungie and Take-Two; most of the original Oni developers were able to continue working on Oni until its release in 2001. Halo: Combat Evolved, meanwhile, went on to become a critically acclaimed hit, selling more than 6.5 million copies, and becoming the Xbox's flagship franchise. Halo's success led to Bungie creating two sequels. Halo 2 was released on November 9, 2004, making more than $125 million on release day and setting a record in the entertainment industry. Halo 3, the final installment in the Halo trilogy, was released on September 25, 2007 and surpassed Halo 2's records, making $170 million in its first twenty-four hours of release and becoming the most pre-ordered game in history. Independent company On October 1, 2007, a mere six days after the release of Halo 3, Microsoft and Bungie announced that Bungie was splitting off from its parent and becoming a privately-held Limited Liability Company named Bungie LLC. As outlined in a deal between the two, Microsoft would retain a minority stake and continue to partner with Bungie on publishing and marketing both Halo and future projects, with the Halo intellectual property belonging to Microsoft. While Bungie planned on revealing a new game at E3 2008, Bungie studio head Harold Ryan announced that the unveiling was canceled. Bungie announced the project originally meant for E3 in October, a prequel and expansion to Halo 3 titled Halo 3: ODST. Bungie and Microsoft revealed the company was developing another Halo-related game, Halo: Reach, for release in 2010. Reach will be Bungie's last game in the Halo franchise. Bungie is currently expanding, though they have not committed to details about new projects and ship dates. The company has grown from roughly 120 employees in May 2008 to 165 in June 2009, outgrowing the studio Microsoft developed. Ryan has helped to redesign a former multiplex in Bellevue into new Bungie offices, with the 80,000 square feet replacing the 41,000 square feet they currently occupy. Bungie is currently looking for a publisher for their new IP, which they have not yet revealed. Bungie.net Bungie.net, as of August 2009, showing a heatmap of a Halo 3 multiplayer level. Bungie.net serves as the main official portal for interaction between company staff and the community surrounding Bungie's games. The "News" area of the site contains information about events in the community, project news, and weekly postings called "Bungie Weekly Updates". Bungie.net also features forums where users can interact. When Bungie was bought by Microsoft, the site was originally seen as in competition with Microsoft's own Xbox.com site, but community management eventually won out as the bigger concern. The website also contains screenshots, several gaming forums, and a media player. Bungie.net profiles can link to player's Xbox Live accounts and display their Bungie game achievements and statistics. Detailed information about each game of Halo 2,"Halo 3", and "Halo 3:ODST" played is recorded, and can be viewed using the "My Stats" area of the website. This information includes statistics on each player in the game, and a map of the game level showing where kills occurred, called "Heatmaps". While Bungie had long provided places for fans to congregate and talk about games, as well as releasing new information and screenshots over Bungie.net, they had historically made less effort and been less successful at providing access to the inside workings of Bungie and its staff. As part of a move to become more familiar in the game industry, Bungie recruited recognized and respected voices from the fan community, including writer Luke Smith. The developer hosts a podcast where staff members are interviewed in a round-table, informal atmosphere. Culture Martin O'Donnell described Bungie's workplace culture as "a slightly irreverent attitude, and not corporate, bureaucratic or business-focused"; artist Shi Kai Wang noted that when he walked into Bungie for an interview, "I realized that I was the one who was over-dressed, [and] I knew this was the place I wanted to work." Frank O'Connor comically noted that at a Gamestop conference, the Bungie team was told to wear business casual, to which O'Connor replied "We [Bungie] don't do business casual." This informal, creative culture was one of the reasons Microsoft was interested in acquiring Bungie, although Jordan Weisman said that Microsoft came close to destroying the company's development culture, as it had with FASA Studio. Studio head Harold Ryan emphasized that even when Bungie was bought by Microsoft, the team was still independent: One of the first things [Microsoft] tried after acquiring Bungie, after first attempting to fully assimilate them, was to move Bungie into a standard Microsoft building with the rest of the game group. But unlike the rest of the teams they brought in previously, Bungie didn move into Microsoft corporate offices we tore all of the walls out of that section of the building and sat in a big open environment. Luckily Alex and Jason [Seropian and Jones, Bungie founders] were pretty steadfast at the time about staying somewhat separate and isolated. Microsoft eventually moved the studio to Kirkland, Washington, where the company has stayed since. Despite the move, financial analyst Roger Ehrenberg declared the Bungie-Microsoft marriage "doomed to fail" due to these fundamental differences. Bungie also pointed out that they were tired of new intellectual property being cast aside to work on the Halo franchise. Edge described the typical Bungie employee as "simultaneously irreverent and passionately loyal; fiercely self-critical; full of excitement at the company achievements, no matter how obscure; [and] recruited from its devoted fanbase." The Bungie workplace is highly informal, with new and old staff willing to challenge each other on topics, such as fundamental game elements. Staff are able to publicly criticize their own games and each other. Fostering studio cooperation and competition, Bungie holds events such as the "Bungie Pentathlon", in which staff square off in teams playing games such as Halo, Pictionary, Dance Dance Revolution, and Rock Band. Bungie also faces off against professional eSports teams and other game studios in Halo during "Humpdays", with the results of the multiplayer matches being posted on Bungie.net. Bungie's staff and fans, known as the "Underground Army", have banded together for charity and other causes. After Hurricane Katrina, Bungie was one of several game companies to announce their intention to help those affected by the hurricane, with Bungie donating the proceeds of special t-shirts to the American Red Cross; after the 2010 Haiti earthquake, Bungie sold "Be a Hero" t-shirts and donated money to the Red Cross for every Halo 3 or ODST player on Xbox Live who wore a special heart-shaped emblem. Other charity work Bungie has done included auctioning off a painting of "Mister Chief" by Frank O'Connor, a Halo 2 soda machine from Bungie's offices, and collaborating with Child's Play auctions. Bungie also responded to a story about a gamer who lost all the personalization on his Xbox 360 when Microsoft repaired his console by sending the gamer an autographed Master Chief helmet and other memorabilia. Offshoot companies Many of Bungie's employees have left the company to form their own studios. Double Aught was a short-lived company composed of several former Bungie team members, founded by Greg Kirkpatrick. The company helped Bungie develop Marathon: Infinity, the last game in the Marathon series. Wideload Games, creator of Stubbs the Zombie in "Rebel Without a Pulse", is another company that came from Bungie; It is headed by one of the two Bungie founders, Alex Seropian, and 7 out of the 11 employees previously worked at Bungie. Other companies include Giant Bite, founded by Hamilton Chu (former lead producer of Bungie Studios), and Michal Evans (former Bungie programmer), and Certain Affinity. Founded by Max Hoberman (the multiplayer design lead for Halo 2 and Halo 3), the team of nine includes former Bungie employees David Bowman and Chad Armstrong (who later returned to Bungie) as well as folks from other developers. It collaborated with Bungie in releasing the last two maps for Halo 2. References ^ a b Dudley, Brian (2009-06-29). "Developers at Bungie ready to spring new heroes in the 'Halo' universe". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2009395945_brier29.html. Retrieved 2009-06-30. ^ a b c d e Staff. "History of Bungie; Primordial Soup: Gnop!". Bungie.net. http://www.bungie.net/inside/history.aspx?link=HistoryOfBungie_p1. Retrieved 2007-10-08. ^ Staff (1996-10-15). "The Bungie Newsletter Vol. I Issue 1". Marathon.Bungie.Org. http://marathon.bungie.org/story/bungienewsletter.html. Retrieved 2008-03-01. ^ Sinclair, Hamish (2004-04-11). "Marathon's Story... Facts". Marathon.Bungie.Org. http://marathon.bungie.org/story/scrapbook.html. Retrieved 2008-03-01. ^ a b Staff. "Promordial Soup: Pathways". Bungie.net. http://www.bungie.net/inside/history.aspx?link=pathways. Retrieved 2007-10-08. ^ a b c Oonnor, Frank; Luke Smith (2007-12-12). "Official Bungie Podcast 12/12/2007: With Martin O'Donnell". Bungie.net. http://download.microsoft.com/download/d/8/5/d85ce76f-0cb2-41df-aaae-a8c96790332b/Bungie_Podcast_121207.mp3. Retrieved 2008-02-28. ^ a b c d Bungie (2007-03-06). "Promordial Soup: Marathon". Bungie.net. http://www.bungie.net/inside/history.aspx?link=juggernougat. Retrieved 2007-10-08. ^ a b c d Bungie Studios. (2004-09-12) (MOV). Icons: Bungie. G4TV. http://www.wraith-ops.com/hbomirror/Bungie_Icons.mov. Retrieved 2008-03-14. ^ Bungie (2007-03-06). "Promordial Soup: Juggernougat". Bungie.net. http://www.bungie.net/inside/history.aspx?link=Myth. Retrieved 2007-10-08. ^ a b Bungie (2007-03-06). "Promordial Soup: The Juggernaut and Oni". Bungie.net. http://www.bungie.net/inside/history.aspx?link=oni. Retrieved 2007-10-08. ^ a b Lopez, Vincent (1999-07-21). "Heavenly Halo Announced from Bungie". IGN. http://pc.ign.com/articles/068/068975p1.html. Retrieved August 31, 2006. ^ Bungie (2007-03-06). "Billion Dollar Donut: Halo CE". Bungie.net. http://www.bungie.net/inside/history.aspx?link=oni. Retrieved 2007-10-08. ^ Soell, Matt (2001-02-09). "Halo Weekly Update". HaloPlayers. Archived from the original on 2001-04-13. http://web.archive.org/web/20010413012925/http://www.haloplayers.com/features/haloupdates/index?981770817. Retrieved 2008-03-06. ^ Asher Moses (2007-08-30). "Prepare for all-out war". The Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/news/biztech/prepare-for-allout-war/2007/08/30/1188067256196.html. Retrieved 2008-02-02. ^ "Xbox 360 games we can't wait to play". CNET. 2006-08-06. http://reviews.cnet.com/4520-9020_7-6556686-1.html. Retrieved September 7, 2006. ^ Thorsen, Tor (2004-11-10). "Microsoft raises estimated first-day Halo 2 sales to $125 million-plus". GameSpot. http://www.gamespot.com/news/2004/11/10/news_6112915.html. Retrieved 2006-03-15. ^ Terdiman, Daniel (2007-09-26). "Microsoft: 'Halo 3' nets biggest day in entertainment history". CNET. http://www.news.com/8301-10784_3-9785731-7.html. Retrieved 2008-03-06. ^ Microsoft (2007-10-04). "Halo 3 Records more than $300 Million in First-Week Sales". Xbox.com. Microsoft. http://www.xbox.com/en-US/games/h/halo3/news/20071004-oneweeksales.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-29. ^ O'Connor, Frank (2007-10-05). "Bungie Studios Becomes Privately Held Independent Company". Bungie.net. http://www.bungie.net/News/content.aspx?type=news&cid=12835. Retrieved 2008-02-12. ^ O'Connor, Frank (2007-10-05). "Bungie Weekly What's Update". Bungie.net. http://www.bungie.net/News/content.aspx?type=topnews&cid=12834. Retrieved 2008-03-06. ^ Snow, Blake (2008-07-15). "Bungie cancels announcement of surprise E3 game". GamePro. http://www.gamepro.com/news.cfm?article_id=202648. Retrieved 2008-07-16. ^ Sinclair, Brendan (2009-06-01). "Halo Reach arrives 2010". Gamespot. http://e3.gamespot.com/story/6210617/halo-reach-arrives-2010. Retrieved 2009-06-01. ^ a b Nutt, Christian (2009-07-24). "Reports: Halo: Reach Bungie's Last Halo Game, More". Gamasutra. http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=24578. Retrieved 2009-07-25. ^ Dudley, Brier (2009-06-29). "Bungie chief on ODST, Halo 4, Natal and being ex-Microsoft". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/technologybrierdudleysblog/2009397250_bungie_chief_on_odst_halo_4_na.html. Retrieved 2009-06-30. ^ Smith, Luke (2008-05-16). "Bungie Weekly Update: 16 May 2008". Bungie.net. http://www.bungie.net/News/content.aspx?type=topnews&cid=13795. Retrieved 2008-05-21. ^ a b c Staff (2007-01-01). "Inside Bungie". Edge. Archived from the original on 2008-07-10. http://209.85.215.104/search?q=cache:q_-bJR55t78J:www.edge-online.co.uk/archives/2007/01/inside_bungie.php+inside+bungie+edge&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us&client=safari. Retrieved 2008-03-10. ^ O'Connor, Frank (2007-03-19). "Welcome to the Future of Bungie.net". Bungie.net. http://www.bungie.net/News/content.aspx?type=topnews&link=bungienetrelaunch. Retrieved 2008-03-12. ^ a b c Jerrard, Brian; Oonnor, Frank; O'Donnell, Marty; Smith, Luke; Staten, Joseph; &c. (2007-08-20) (MP3). Official Bungie Podcast: Pre-Halo 3. Bungie Studios. http://download.microsoft.com/download/d/8/5/d85ce76f-0cb2-41df-aaae-a8c96790332b/Bungie_Podcast_092007.mp3. Retrieved 2008-03-14. ^ Bramwell, Tom (2007-11-12). "Bungie intros Halo 3 Heatmaps". Eurogamer. http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=87360. Retrieved 2008-03-10. ^ Robertson, Andy (2007-10-23). "Shaping Your Community: What Films Did, Games Must Do". Gamasutra. pp. 23. http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/1986/shaping_your_community_what_films_.php?page=2. Retrieved 2009-02-08. ^ a b c d Fear, Ed (2007-11-08). "Single Player". DevelopMagazine. http://www.developmag.com/interviews/95/Single-Player. Retrieved 2008-03-06. ^ Leigh, Violet. "Shi Kai Wang, Bungie Artist". Xbox.com. Microsoft. http://www.xbox.com/en-US/games/h/halo/themakers2.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-01. ^ Bungie (2000-05-11). "Bungie-Microsoft FAQ". Halo.Bungie.Org. http://halo.bungie.org/misc/msacquisitionfaq/Bungie. Retrieved 2008-03-03. ^ Brice, Kath (2009-08-26). "Microsoft "destroyed development culture" at FASA - Weisman". GamesIndustry.biz. http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/microsoft-destroyed-development-culture-weisman. Retrieved 2009-08-27. ^ Ehrenberg, Roger (2007-10-09). "Microsoft/Bungie Divorce Was Inevitable". SeekingAlpha. http://seekingalpha.com/article/49310-microsoft-bungie-divorce-was-inevitable. Retrieved 2008-03-10. ^ a b Allen, Christian; Jarrard, Brian; Oonnor, Frank; Smith, Luke. (2008-02-04) (MP3). Official Bungie Podcast: With Christian Allen. Bungie Studios. http://download.microsoft.com/download/d/8/5/d85ce76f-0cb2-41df-aaae-a8c96790332b/Bungie_Podcast_020408.mp3. Retrieved 2008-03-06. ^ Smith, Luke (2007-11-01). "Humpday Challenge: Geezer Gamers". Bungie.net. http://www.bungie.net/News/content.aspx?type=topnews&cid=12924. Retrieved 2008-03-11. ^ Caldwell, Patrick (2006-07-07). "Halo 2 headset price cut for charity". Gamespot. http://www.gamespot.com/xbox/action/halo2/news.html?sid=6153681. Retrieved 2008-03-12. ^ Klepek, Patrick (2005-09-01). "Bungie Aiding Flood Victims". 1UP.com. http://www.1up.com/do/newsStory?cId=3143372. Retrieved 2008-03-12. ^ Jarrard, http://www.bungie.net/News/content.aspx?type=topnews&link=BeAHeroBrian+(2005-08-31). "Flood Relief". Bungie.net. Archived from the original on 2007-02-03. http://web.archive.org/web/20070203064238/http://www.bungie.net/News/Story.aspx?link=432C68F9-B0B4-4CB9-A1A3-D37B498CA6F6. Retrieved 2008-03-01. ^ Osborne, Eric (2010-01-15). "Be a Hero!". Bungie.net. http://www.bungie.net/News/content.aspx?type=topnews&link=BeAHero. Retrieved 2010-02-21. ^ Webster, Andrew (2008-02-14). "Bungie Studios Auctioning off painting for Charity". Arstechnica. http://arstechnica.com/journals/thumbs.ars/2008/02/14/bungie-studios-auctioning-off-painting-for-charity. Retrieved 2008-03-15. ^ Smith, Luke (2008-03-20). "That is One Charitable Soda Machine". Bungie.net. http://www.bungie.net/News/content.aspx?type=news&cid=13391. Retrieved 2008-03-25. ^ Bertone, Paul (2006-12-18). "Child's Play Charity Dinner". Bungie.net. http://www.bungie.net/News/content.aspx?type=topnews&link=bsftw. Retrieved 2008-03-10. ^ Topolsky, Josh (2008-03-07). "Gamers' Erased 360 Story Comes to a Happy Close". Engadget. http://www.engadget.com/2008/03/07/gamers-erased-xbox-360-story-comes-to-a-happy-close/. Retrieved 2008-03-16. ^ Takahashi, Dean (2006-09-16). "Developer Focus: Giant Bite Pursues Life After Halo". San Jose Mercury News. http://blogs.mercurynews.com/aei/2006/09/developer_focus.html. Retrieved 2008-03-03. ^ O'Connor, Frank (2007-03-30). "New Halo 2 Maps revealed!". Bungie.net. http://www.bungie.net/News/content.aspx?type=topnews&link=certainaffinitymaps. Retrieved 2008-03-06. External links Official homepage (Bungie.net) Bungie.org, fan site vde Bungie Game series Marathon Trilogy (Marathon 2: Durandal Infinity) Myth series (I II) Halo series (Halo 2 3 ODST Reach) Individual games Gnop! Operation Desert Storm Minotaur: The Labyrinths of Crete Pathways into Darkness Abuse Weekend Warrior Oni Pimps at Sea People Jason Jones Alex Seropian Martin O'Donnell Joseph Staten Luke Smith vde Microsoft Board of directors Steve Ballmer James Cash, Jr. Dina Dublon Bill Gates Raymond Gilmartin Reed Hastings Maria Klawe David Marquardt Charles Noski Helmut Panke Jon Shirley Desktop software Windows (components) Internet Explorer Office Visual Studio Security Essentials Expression Dynamics Money Encarta Student Math Works MapPoint Virtual PC Forefront Home Flight Simulator Bob Server software Windows Server SQL Server IIS PWS Exchange BizTalk Commerce ISA Server System Center Home Server SharePoint (WSS, MOSS, Search Server) OCS Terminal Services Microsoft Host Integration Server Technologies Active Directory DirectX .NET Windows Media PlaysForSure App-V Hyper-V Silverlight Windows Phone Windows Embedded Mediaroom HDi Web properties Websites adCenter Bing Channel 9 CodePlex HealthVault Ignition Microsoft Store MSDN MSN (Games msnbc.com ninemsn) TechNet Windows Live (Groups Hotmail ID Messenger Spaces) Live Games for Windows Live Xbox Live (Arcade Marketplace) Zune Social Gaming Microsoft Game Studios Zone XNA Xbox Xbox 360 Games for Windows Hardware Surface Zune (4 / 8 / 16 30 80 / 120 HD) MSN TV Natural Keyboard Jazz Keyboard Mouse LifeCam LifeChat SideWinder Ultra-Mobile PC Fingerprint Audio System Cordless Phone Pocket PC RoundTable Response Point Venus (cancelled prototype) Education and recognition MCPs MSDNAA MSCA Microsoft Press Microsoft MVP Student Partners Research Studies related to Microsoft Licensing Client Access License Shared source Licensing Services Criticism Windows Windows Vista Windows XP Windows 2000 (section) Windows Me (section) Windows 9x (section) Office (section) Xbox 360 Internet Explorer (section) Refund Litigation Alcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft European Union Microsoft competition case United States v. Microsoft Microsoft v. Lindows Apple v. Microsoft Microsoft vs. MikeRoweSoft Acquisitions Altamira Software aQuantive Azyxxi Blue Ribbon Soundworks Bungie Calista Technologies Colloquis Connectix Consumers Software Danger Farecast FASA Studio Fast Search & Transfer Firefly Forethought GIANT Company Software Groove Networks Hotmail Jellyfish.com LinkExchange Lionhead Studios Massive Incorporated Onfolio PlaceWare Powerset ProClarity Rare ScreenTonic Teleo Tellme Networks Vermeer Technologies Visio Corporation VXtreme WebTV Networks Winternals Yupi Annual Revenue: $60.420 billion USD (2008) Employees:89,809(2008) Stock Symbol:MSFT Website:microsoft.com Further information: List of assets owned by Microsoft Corporation Categories: Bungie | Companies based in Kirkland, Washington | Companies established in 1991 | Video game companies of the United States | Video game developersHidden categories: Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters
Bungie - Angle Seat Valve manufacturer - Machinery parts
