How Does The Oil Painting Develop?
The development of oil painting has gone through three periods including classical
, modern, and contemporary. Restrained by different ideological dominations and painting techniques, oil paintings in different periods show a varied look.
The historical conditions in the early development of oil painting laid the foundation of realistic tendency of classical painting. In the 15th European Renaissance, humanism thoughts paid more attention to social reality out of the criticism for religion. To get rid of the single creation by Christian subjects, many well-known artists began direct observation and depiction of figures, landscape and items in life, which made works with religious subjects, carry obvious real secular factors. Some painters totally described the real-life scenes. The painters in Renaissance inherited the artistic concepts of Greek and Rome, which not only focused on the description of a particular event or fact, but also revealed its antecedents and consequences. Then the artistic method was formed with a strong emphasis on typical plot and image.
At the same time, artists were also exploring the use of anatomy and perspective science in painting as well as the role of picture's function, forming a scientific principle. The use of human anatomy made the character in the painting have an correct proportion, body and structure. The founding of focus lens rendered the painting to form fantastic deep space through the composition.
Therefore, classical oil painting produced the long-term and highly realistic appearance.
The comprehensive use of multiple painting languages produced the classical oil painting as a whole. But because the special attention to one or several factors of artists of different countries and different periods, different styles were made. Italy painters in Renaissance laid more stress on the use of shading, with the dark side all covered in the shadow, soft transition between bright and dark lines.
Classical oil painting as a whole is the oil painting language factors, comprehensive use of the results, but in different countries, different artists based on one or several factors with particular emphasis on, formed different styles. Renaissance Italy painters pay more attention to the use of chiaroscuro, painting scenery shadow unified under the shadow of the terminator, a gentle transition, creating a centralized and the integral effect picture.
European classical oil painting developed rapidly in the 17th century. Painters in different areas and different countries made different deep explorations to painting languages according to their own social backgrounds and national temperament. In accordance with type, oil paintings were divided into historical paintings, paintings of religious stories, group portrait, personal portrait, landscapes, still life paintings, and custom paintings. Oil painting techniques became increasingly rich and gradually formed different genres in different areas and different countries.
The development of oil painting in the 19th century emerged a new trend: mainly the change of painting colors. Many painters of the French Barbizon School made landscape sketching in different climatic conditions, recognizing the relations between illuminate color, proper color and ambient color and the artistic and emotional significance. A lot of their landscapes created specific color atmosphere of wind, rain, morning, evening, etc.
On the basis of this, the French impressionist painters made creative contributions in the use of colors. The absorbed the optical and dyeing chemical results and solved the problem of color painting with color mixing principles. Impressionism downplayed the volume of the scene, and enhanced the color factors, rather than relying on shading and lines to form a spatial distance. Instead, it was based on the principle of light reflection to form the space using the cool and warm colors. Impressionist works appeared previously unknown bright and vivid colors, which were comprehensive and purely expressive.
European paintings in the 19th century emerged art genres with clear claims, which were mainly embodied in the artistic theme and content and the corresponding appearance of painting techniques. For instance, neoclassical paintings focused on the rigorous and solid feelings in the image modeling to be consistent with the shape rules of classical tradition. Romanticism circled around the tragedy theme to create the plot tension by brush factors and composition in the motion lines. Raphael emphasized on the psychological expression of characters in the painting, with the sad and quiet mood in many scenes by green and purple tones. Despite of the rich modern oil paintings, they all had the realistic features as demonstrated by: a painting was the unity of an art form and the unity of major tone covered all the colors in all parts. The partial colors formed a harmonious relationship in the transition.From the end of the 19th Century, western paintings had undergone a fundamental change. In the 20th century, paintings in different artistic concepts formed different genres and constrained the varied tendency of art form. Some factors in traditional painting techniques were reinforced and even pushed to the extreme as the form of art concept. The form of painting languages was highly valued. The increasing expansion of art concepts resulted in the combination of painting materials and others and produced a comprehensive art unattributed to any specific style. Therefore, oil paintings lost the trend of of western styles as the main form.by: Cotillard
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