Goiter is a disease that causes enlargement of the thyroid gland and is characterized by the enlargement of the gland which results in swelling on the front of the neck. There are two types of goiter; simple goiter and toxic goiter. Simple goiter is characterized by an enlargement of the entire gland or one of its two lobes and is caused by deficiency of iodine in the diet. Toxic goiter also known as exophthalmic goiter is brought by excess of thyroxine secretion and may result in excessive stimulation by the pituitary gland in some cases.
Goiter can also be caused by hereditary factors and excessive intake of iodine. Symptoms include thyroid enlargement which vary from single small nodule to massive enlargement or a neck lump. One experiences swallowing difficulties due to compression of the esophagus. Breathing difficulties are experienced, neck vein distention and dizziness when arms are raised above the head. Goiter can be detected through thyroid scan, ultrasound of thyroid, low urinary excretion of iodine, high or normal thyroid stimulating hormone, normal or increased radioactive iodine uptake and others.
Goiter can be treated and prevented through various ways. Moderate goiters can be treated by providing a thyroid hormone pill. This makes the pituitary secrete less thyroid hormone which results in well stabilized size of the gland. Hence this will not decrease the size of the goiter but will inhibit further growth. Surgical operation is also performed to remove those glands that are enlarged enough to cause compression on other vital pars in the neck i.e. trachea and esophagus. Prevent goiter by taking iodized table salt and eat limited gotrogenic food and drugs to prevent sporadic goiter.