The third virtue involves the type of inspiration you are to others. Inspiration is largely dependent on who and what you are as an individual. Leadership used to be very hierarchical. Hierarchy is being replaced by a more consultative and engaging attitude towards staff. Inconsistent lifestyles and duplicity in behaviour do not inspire and motivate others. The evidence that supports and confirms the positive effects of affirmation and encouragement has been well documented, but one of the more recent findings was published in The Carrot Principle by management consultants Adrian Gostick and Chester Elton.