Norway: The First Settlers After The Glaciers Retreated North
Norway has its first stand at the end of lst ice
, there are 10 000 years. Living from hunting and gathering, the first settlers after the glaciers retreated north, pursuing migratory reindeer herds. These are the ancestors of the Lapps. It was only later that new entrants, the Indo-Europeans from the Germanic branch will occupy the south.
Norway is entering lhistoire in his days of the Vikings, who Souvre by looting, in 793, the monastery of Lindisfarne in England by Scandinavian pirates. The Vikings are starting their maritime expeditions in Europe and establish the way of settlements. The country was then divided into many small kingdoms. A king of Vik, Harald Fine Hair unified Norway around 885. A century later, King Olaf Tryggvason to impose Christianity. Great navigators, the Vikings are the first to cross Atlantic locean. Erik the Red, son dun Norwegian exiled to Iceland, colonized Greenland in 982. His son, Leif Eriksson, was the first European to explore the North American coast. Lage Viking sacheve in 1066 with the defeat of King Harald Hardrada of Norway at the Battle of Stamford Bridge, England.
The old noble families gradually declined afterwards and Norway became a nation of mostly farmers. Hanseatic League misappropriated trade in the North Sea and controlled the entire economy of the region. In 1319, the death of Haakon V who had no male heir, the kingdom was given to Magnus IV of Sweden, replaced in 1343 by his son Haakon VI. Then came the turn in 1380, the son of the latter, Olav III king of Denmark who became King Olav IV of Norway. But the young king has only a facade of power as the real power was held by his mother, Marguerite Ire Valdemarsdotter. He died way before her and it became sovereign of Norway and Denmark, and Sweden in 1389. To obtain German support against the dukes of Mecklenburg pretenders to the throne of Sweden, Margaret was elected king his nephew, Eric of Pomerania.
Oslo became a center of power in the thirteenth century. The Black Death, which decimated the country in 1349, stopped its growth. In 1380, Norway was held in Denmark. This union lasted 400 years. Norway passed into the hands of the king of Sweden in 1814, but she rebelled by adopting its own constitution and declaring its independence. His struggle for independence is running short before a Swedish invasion led by the Crown Prince of Sweden, who is none other than former Marshal of the Empire of Napoleon, Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte. The latter becomes king of Sweden in 1818 under the name of Charles XIV John. The Norwegians are granted the right to remain a kingdom separate and retain their democratic constitution, but are forced dentries in a personal union with Sweden until 1905.
National resistance eventually folded up and taken and Norway gained its independence in 1905. The Norwegians are opting for the monarchy and then choose the Prince Charles of Denmark as sovereign. It takes the title of Haakon VII.
Norway remained neutral during the First World War, but 1892 Norwegian merchant sailors died, mostly because of German torpedo. Norway has lost nearly 50% of its merchant fleet, proportionately the biggest losses of all countries of the First World War. Rulers Swedish, Norwegian and Danish agreed to maintain the neutrality of the Scandinavian countries and decided to help each other. This policy of neutrality and friendship persisted in the three countries after the war.
Norway proclaimed its neutrality again at the beginning of the Second World War in 1939. Despite sympathy for Finland during the Russo-Finnish conflict, Norway rejected the application Franco-British troops to transit through its territory. However, the German maneuvers along the Norwegian coast surrendered the country's neutrality difficult to meet. On April 8, 1940, France and Great Britain have confessed undermined Norwegian territorial waters to prevent supply ships from German use.
Norway was occupied by the Nazis in April 1940, following the operation Weserebung. After the military defeat of his country, King Haakon VII organize a government in exile, and places the majority of Norwegian merchant fleet Lenormant under allied control. The country is placed directly under German military administration, headed by the Reich Commissioner Joseph Terboven. King Haakon VII and the prime minister Johan Nygaardsvold animate London to a government in exile, recognized by the Allies. Part of the armed forces, including more than a hundred vessels the Royal Norwegian Navy, managed to follow the king in the United Kingdom and involved, over the conflict in the war effort. Free Norwegian Forces contribute to the Battle of the Atlantic and the Battle of Normandy .
From 1942, a pro-Nazi chaired by Vidkun Quisling, leader of far-right Nasjonal Samling, governing the country by actively collaborating with the occupation. For its part, the Norwegian resistance movement (Norwegian Resistance) vigorously fight the Nazis. The most famous feat of Norwegian resistance is to destroy the heavy water plant Vemork in 1943. The retreat of the Nazis in the spring of 1945 was marked by the systematic destruction of towns and villages in the north.
After the German surrender on May 8, 1945, the royal family and the legitimate government in exile, returning to Norway. The death penalty, abolished in 1876, is reinstated to punish the traitors. Vidkun Quisling and key collaborators were tried and executed shortly after for high treason and war crimes. Since 1947, Oslo offers a giant Christmas tree in London to commemorate the assistance given by the English to the Norwegians.
by: Laura Steinfield
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