Russian History Part 1
At the beginning of XX century in Russia intensified the confrontation between the royal government and the radical opposition
. The conflict between the government and the revolutionary underground, accompanied by a loyalty to the government by the liberal intelligentsia and the masses (the Cossacks, the townsmen, peasants - particularly in the regions who did not know of serfdom).
The revolutionaries managed to raise a mass movement in selected cities and regions. In 1902-1903. there were peasant uprisings in Poltava and Kharkov provinces, held strikes and demonstrations of workers in Chrysostom, Odessa, Kiev, etc. The government's position deteriorated failure of the Government in the Russian-Japanese war.
Discontent grew, taking the form of an organized anti-government struggle. Community Raska lyvalos. Began to arise the political parties of various kinds. They became the engine of political struggle in the country, often speaking in defense of national interests is not so much as partisan platforms.
The major parties are the SR (SRs), Cadet (Constitutional Democratic), the Russian Social-Democratic Party (RSDLP), Octo (Union of 17 October), the Union of Russian People. The activity showed the Progressives, the Popular Socialists, anarchists, traditional Ukrainian Party and others. Impassable boundaries between ideological processes and practical activities of the various parties was not. In some of them there was a mixture of elements and "right" and "left" ideology. The social composition of Cadet, SR, Octobrist party, the Union of Russian people was very colorful: there, among others, were peasants and industrial workers.
Numerically, the largest was the party of Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs). According to some estimates, the number of its members in 1905-1907. reached half a million people. The strategic goal of Revolutionaries proclaimed socialism, understanding it as "the socialization of labor, ownership and management, together with the destruction of private property of the division of society into classes, the elimination of forced-repressive nature of social institutions. SRs recognize the class nature of the struggle for socialism, but the class antagonisms are not absolutised, talked about the importance of moral and ethical aspect of socialism.
All Socialist Society is divided between those who live on earned by their labor resources, and those who enjoy unearned income. Unlike the Marxists, that the concept of "working class" only the industrial proletariat, SR united by this concept peasants, wage workers and intellectuals. The main contradictions of the time they considered the contradictions between the government and society, between peasants and large landowners. The focal point of the agrarian problem was the SR requirement "socialization" of land, which meant the elimination of private property in the village transfer land to "non-estate rural and urban communities." The basis of land use, according to the SR had to lie egalitarian-labor principle.
Socialist leaders were VM Chernov, ND Avksent'ev, AR Gotz, V. Zenzinov, MV Spiridonov, etc. In the SR tactics combined with a massive campaign of systematic terror. In the eyes of the Social Revolutionaries were the most dangerous enemy. The Socialist-Revolutionary Combat Organization is actually outside the control of the Party Central Committee. In 1905-1907, the SRs have committed numerous terrorist acts. Fighters led by EF Azef, GA Gershoni, BV Ca-vin-ers. Azef and several other activists of the AKP were provocateurs, agents of the secret police. The Socialist-Revolutionary terror from 1912 to 1911 years, has killed more than 200 people - ministers, governors, city governors, chief of police, etc. Inevitably, the question arose about the moral side of the SR tactics corrupting influences public consciousness.
Some party members RSDLP - the Bolsheviks, like SR, allowed extremes in the selection methods - they are focused primarily on the expropriation. They worked created in 1905 battle group led by LB Krasin. The largest shares were robbing banks in Tiflis, Warsaw, Helsinki, in the Baltic and the Urals. The organizers of the attacks were Bobis, Ter-Petrosyan.
The Mensheviks, representing the more moderate wing of the RSDLP to expropriation forms of political activities included restraint.
The Social Democrats (Bolsheviks and Mensheviks) events of 1905-1907 described as a bourgeois-democratic revolution. According to the Bolshevik views, she would turn into a socialist one. The Mensheviks believed that Russia is obliged to socialism "grow" in the process of polysyllabic reforms. The theoretical differences lead to differences of opinion on the organizational structure of the party. He put forward the thesis of the highly centralized "vanguard party-type" as a paramilitary organization of the sample, which serves not only to achieve tactical and strategic objectives (the victory of the proletarian revolution on a global scale, the abolition of state commodity-money relations, etc.). The leader of the Mensheviks, GV Plekhanov, in his polemic with Lenin said that "we need a discipline of consciousness, not the discipline of obedience."
Was on the extreme left of the political spectrum anarchists deny all state power, advocated unfettered freedom of the individual, active use of extremist means of opposing the authorities.
In 1905-1907. Constitutional-Democratic Party had 70-100 thousand members. Admission to it was extremely simplistic, which led to a certain fuzziness of its organizational structure.
In 1905, the Cadets were characterized by sharply opposing attitudes towards the king. In the future, they are constantly balancing between liberalism and radicalism. Their program was based on Western models, was irreligious and rationalistic. It was adopted in late 1905 and recorded the requirements of the constitutional system and ensuring freedom of speech, conscience, assembly, movement and inviolability of the home, the legislative regulation of employment of labor. Particular attention is paid Cadets local government. The main points of their national program proclaims the freedom of language and the right of minority cultural and national autonomy in the unity of the country. In the agrarian question avoided categorization and unambiguous decisions.
Liberal intellectuals considered the Cadet Party their own. Her origins were well-known economist PB Struve, writer VG Korolenko, in the leadership of researchers VI Vernadsky. The leader of the party was a professor of Russian history PN Milyukov. Cadets are owned by large media, supported by qualified journalists.
Russian History Part 1
By: David G
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