The picture of the universe
Since then, as in ancient Sumer were to classify celestial objects and endow them with meaning
, has changed a lot. Information about the sky has grown extraordinarily. But the more people using scientific methods and instrumentation technology peered into the sky, the stronger is performed its alienation from nature. Space became hostile to man, it sees the threat of being community. Indeed. If we keep oscillating, ie, pulsating model of the universe, then the expansion of its all must sooner or later, frozen, and compression - to burn. What is there to rejoice? In space, colliding galaxies, exploding stars, comets falling on the planet, played magnetic storms, pulsing flow of deadly high-energy particles - all life threatening.
As already noted, the Sumerians began to unite groups of stars in the constellation. In particular, have been described 12 constellations representing the signs of the zodiac that took and is still of great importance in astrology, in which predictions about the future are based on beliefs about the impact of stars on human destiny.
The names of many of the constellations known today come from Greek mythology. In the middle of the II century AD Greek astronomer Ptolemy then summed up all the available knowledge on astronomy. In his fundamental work "Almagest" (Arabic name) he gave a description of 48 constellations, as well as more than a thousand stars with their brightness and position in the sky, that is, the celestial longitude and latitude. These 48 constellations known inhabitants of Mesopotamia, the Mediterranean and Europe, however, residents of other regions, such as Chinese and North American Indians saw in the starry sky or any other shape. This number of constellations remained until the XVI century. Later, we added another 40 constellations, and in 1922 the International Astronomical Union approved the names of all 88 constellations.
In the XVII century, after the invention of the telescope, the need for maps of the sky, more precisely fix the position of stars. Special care such maps were compiled in the nineteenth century. One of the first it has to do the German astronomer Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander. He has done a great job for that time: a catalog of stars in the northern sky, which was recorded 325,000 stars indicating the coordinates and brightness of each of them. The observatory, which was held the work was located in Bonn, so the directory called "Durchmusterung sky (Bonner Durchmusterung). The catalog was published in 1863. After the death of Argelandera work continued one of his assistants, who was a star map of the southern sky, and published his work entitled "Durchmusterung southern sky (Sdliche Bonner Durchmusterung). A final review was published in 1930 in the Argentine city of Cordoba. These directories have retained their value to astronomers, and in our time.
In recent years, due to space telescopes could achieve even higher quality in the mapping program. With the Hubble Space Telescope, astronomers have compiled a catalog that describes about 15 million stars. The most recent achievement in the mapping program - are two new directories, published today by the European Space Agency. They are made on the basis of observations with the Hubble Space Telescope on the satellite "Hipparcos". To date, these directories are the most accurate and one of them in three volumes called "The Millennium Star Atlas (Millennium Star Atlas).
In the twentieth century in astronomy experienced a significant revolution. Modern telescopes can observe galaxies away from Earth at a distance of 13.5 billion light years. There have been the first completely new space objects and processes that led to the emergence of alternative cosmological models - now numbering several dozens. With 90 years of the twentieth century discoveries in astronomy literally followed one after the other [4]. In July 1994, first observed the interaction of the comet with a planet (Jupiter), resulting in the nucleus disintegrated into 21 fragments, which crashed into the planet. This is - a real space Apocalypto, shot by astronomers using the television.
Until 1995, the universe seemed to arid desert. Studies carried out in 1996 ... 1998, showed that water is present in all parts of the universe and, apparently, helps to condense gas and dust clouds, removing them from the heat and contributing to the formation of planets.
Study of CW stars in the constellation Leo in 2001, for example, showed that around this red giant space of water contained in 10,000 times greater than anticipated. In June 2001, data collected by the probe, suggest that the average temperature of the universe is 2,735 K, while the age of our universe - 13.7 billion years, ordinary matter in it that make up stars and planets, only 4%, but dark matter - particles do not emit visible radiation, 23% of the dark energy accounts for 73%. Universe is homogeneous, which means that the Big Bang was not, because the young universe would be much more difficult.
The hypothesis of the Big Bang has repeatedly been questioned. Analysis of the image of deep space, obtained by Hubble Space Telescope September 24, 2004, also reiterated the concept of the Big Bang. The current model for describing the universe acknowledges its expansion, despite the fact that he confirmed only change the redshift of the radiation of remote objects. Other evidence is not. The red shift of the spectra of remote galaxies was first discovered by American astronomer Venson Slayfordom in 1922, and later Edwin established linear dependence of this shift from observer to object distance (Hubble's law). In the framework of nonstationary models of the universe this phenomenon is interpreted as a Doppler effect caused by the expansion of the universe.
It is this finding provided a basis for hypothesizing the existence of "black holes", where everything disappears, which may cause the universe over time to a point degeneracy. But the cosmological redshift can be understood differently - as a result of the interaction of photons with the background of gravitons (Ivanov, MA). In this case, the Hubble constant has no relation to the expansion rate and age of the universe, which is interpreted in this case as a patient.
In addition to non-traditional space objects (quasars, pulsars, binary stars, etc.), modern astronomy has opened in the depths of space and innovative processes, including the gamma-ray bursts. This second catastrophe metagalactic scale have the power of radiation, comparable to the radiation power of all the stars visible universe. The energy released in gamma-ray bursts, ranging from 1051 to 1054 ergs. Such a surge can destroy the life within a radius of tens and even hundreds of light years, and the benefit that comes from the Earth at a distance of about 10 billion light years. The nature of this phenomenon is not clear. It is suggested (Trofimenko AP) that this outbreak antikollapsiruyuschiruyuschih Otono - objects of general relativity. More than 30 years of observations of mysterious bursts have not been explained in terms of 4-dimensional cosmological paradigm.
We could continue to multiply assumptions about the design of the universe, but without the clear lack of totality picture of the world. Scientistic paradigm - a consequence of the formation and approval of the anthropocentric world view, which has replaced the theocentrism, led to its demise as from God, because of the Cosmos. Instead of complete idea of the Cosmos idea of man, European civilization has refused to and from the other. These are the inevitable consequences of the anthropocentric installation.
The picture of the universe
By: Linda Finer
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