Toxicity Of Anionic Polyacrylamide Formulations When Used For Erosion Control In Agriculture

Anionic Polyacrylamide (PAM) is a water soluble polymer that is used in agriculture

to minimize soil erosion and manage infiltration in furrow irrigation. There are various Polyacrylamide Formulations but the most widely form for the purpose of preventing soil-erosion is the one with negatively charged (anionic) molecule. The use of Anionic Polyacrylamide for reducing soil-erosion is quite recent. Studies have shown that Anionic Polyacrylamide is extremely effective in reducing soil erosion but the toxicity of Anionic Polyacrylamide is being questioned.

Anionic PAM Formulations that are used in agriculture comprise of high molecular weight polymeric chains. Anionic Polyacrylamide may be used in the form of liquid mixed into the irrigation water and also as solid in the form of tablet placed at the base of the furrow. This tablet dissolves in the water. Cationic Polyacrylamide and other have toxicity issues associated with them but Anionic Polyacrylamide is generally considered to be safe for vegetation and aquatic life. The toxicity of PAM depends upon its chemical composition.

Several experiments have been conducted on various organisms to determine the toxic effects of Anionic Polyacrylamide Formulations used to reduce soil erosion. These experiments were conducted with soil-based, oil-based and water-based Anionic Polyacrylamide compositions on different species of fish like Hyalella azteca, Chironomus dilutes, Selenastrum capricornutum, Ceriodaphnia dubia, etc. Through these experiments it was determined that the toxicity of Anionic Polyacrylamide varies depending upon its chemical composition.

The tests which were conducted on four to five species with granular product (pure PAM) showed no proof of toxicity. Similarly tablet and water-based Anionic Polyacrylamide proved to be relatively harmless. But when oil-based product was used, the results were slightly different. The results suggested that the toxicity of these oil-based products is due to the oil or other ingredients present in them. As far as the usage of PAM Formulatons is concerned, it should be considered that these experiments represent worst case conditions.

There is a wide range of factors that can affect the selection of Anionic Polyacrylamide Formulations. If toxicity is taken into account, then water-based PAM gets preferrence over oil-based PAM. But water-based Anionic Polyacrylamide Formulations are more expensive as compared to others. Potential environmental impact should also be given due respect while selecting a particular formulation.

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by: Naveen Gupta

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