A brief Survey of Iran's Political Thoughts. The Thought of Divine power

South west of Asia whose culture lean upon the Iranian's civilization ,from the ancient time, it means from the time of Ilamies and Medes and then Achamenian , after reign of Ashkanian , Sasanian, and even after Islam has had Monarchy government or Empire for political reasons.

And this government approximately in all issues but one which Herodotus mentioned after the death of Cyrus, that happened among the political unrests for being the successor of Cyrus would be mentioned just about political issues .Run all issues until Ghajarieh and wars between Iran and Russia, cause Iranian civilization face with modernism and lead to one Empire, and it was Autocratic Empire.

Cyrus the Great. In the 6th century B.C Cyrus the Great established the Persian Empire as the most powerful Empire in the world.

Ariaramneh the great grand father of Darius knows the kingdom as God's gift(this Persian land that I own it, supreme God ,AhuraMazda,donate it to me and according to AhuraMazda's will, I am the king of this land). According to the Bistoon inscription Darius said (said king Darius: Ahura Mazda willing, I am the king, AhuraMazda donate kingdom to me).

Also Sasanian that was ancient Iran's last powerful imperial government, put their government, base upon the theory of religious government .And put these thoughts on their inscriptions that king dome is gift of God.

The founder of Sasanian government in his inscription registered this point as a role of Rajab and role of Rostam.

Ourmazd (Aura Mazda) take the imperial ring on his right hand and scepter on his left hand and handed them over to the king. This thought1 that power and kingdom is gift of God is completely obvious, during the Islam and especially after first four Caliphs. If they call themselves as khalifa after some years it changes to khalifat Allah on the earth. This commentary of caliphs' word that is completely contrary to Islamic belief and Islam foundation should be little by little, as willing of beneficent and merciful God, fire worshipper and Christian sovereignty should replace

by caliphs. Aura Mazda

As of yet it's not completely clear and obvious that this changing, with and under which situation was happen, it is not obvious that whether it is affected by effect by Bezants or not?

The title of khalifatAllah just used during Baniomayyeh.there is an ode from Farzdogh,poet of Baniomayyeh, in which caliph Soleiman (715-717) the second caliph Omar, khalifatAllah is mentioned.

Abbasian had rudely manner, in this issue, even during the government of Mamoon (813-833) for the first time after reforming the AbdolMalek's money, the governor of government introduces himself as khalifatAllah on the coins. This theory that kingdom is gift of God is completely obvious in all Islamic books and essays, specially in Shahnameh, giving divine title to the sovereignty, as told at the beginning in history of Herodotus, and only about the manner of governing after (Geomat magh) become an argument between Persian leader, and we will mention in this part:fivedays later, after excitement of fighting changed to tranquility, collaborators searched for base of their future actions. Some thoughts declare at that session. Some of my compatriots were hesitated about this discussion, but it happened doubtlessly.

The first speaker was Otanes, he preferes to establish democracy regime in Iran. He said I think those days were past that one of us became king and do what he wants. Autocracy is neither pleasant nor goodness and you yourself know better dignity and excess of power how ruin the Cambyses and we were witness for some situation that happen during the Geomat magh.How we can compare this kind of governing with moral senses and policy. But people ruling are completely against this situation.

Firstly this kind of ruling, Isonomy, has appropriate appearance and name that means equality of people against low. Secondly, when people become governor the self-centering in government will be omitted. And representative will be choosing according to people votes, and they are responsible for their actions. They interchange with each other in all actions and decision, so I suggest lay aside the kingdom and give the power to people because the name and title of people is as same as the government.

Then Megabiz began to talking: he suggest Aligaresh , in other word; the governing of some special group of people , he saidI agree with what Otones said about laying aside the kingdom, but his thoughts that commit the affairs to common people is not correct. The masses of people are rouge and irresponsible, they are ready for encroachment. We must choose most competent and capable people and give the authority to them. It is obvious we our self are in this group and doubtlessly the thought of competent people are in the best decision.

Third speaker, Darius said: I confirm all says of Megabiz about common people but I don't agree about governing of some special group of people .Now we ponder these three kinds of governing: 1-Democracy 2-Aligaresh3-kingdom. And we suppose each of these as a best one, in governing. But I think the third way of governing (kingdom) is the best one.

To whom you are indebted your freedom? And who give it to you? Did we gain it by democracy or by governing of some special group of people, or it is heritage of kingdom? Our independence is blessing of one person; (Darius great). So I command keep on our kingdom, further more we should avoid to changing our ancient standards, that is cause of our welfare, in other wise we will faced with problems.

Because of Darious efforts he became king , and this procedure continued fill during the age of Ghajarieh.Although the foundation of Safavieh , that was at the same time with government countries , because of Iranian's lack of knowledge about another political regim , Iran return to same past condition.

In announcing of (AsnaAshari) cult for Iran in (907-1501) as official religion by shah Esmaeil as the king of Safavieh when safavieh didn't firm the regim as new founded government. As mentioned before (AsnaAshari) cult was one of the bases of Safavieh power, their claim based on it they are representative of 12th Imam, Mahdi. Ali's cult has had very near relationship with Sufism of Iran minimom from (7-13) century.

And spiritual guide as the second base of governing, at last with proclaiming the marriage of Hussein , the smaller son of Ali , that married third Yazgerd's daughter , the last king of Sasanian , shays(shiayan) called the Ali's dynasts as heirs of Iranian kingdom .And knew the kingdom as gift of God , so this was the third base of Safavieh power . Since the beginning of the Ghajarieh that histographers called him (Fath Ali Shah ) as the divine wisdom and war writers called him as the symbol of power and suitable person for kingdom , proclaim that: against to his desire is against to God's desire , so cause God's anger .

Kingdom and thoughts of legitimating king was normal for most of special and common group of people. But according to the French revolution the colonial competitions between England and Russia and their interference in Iran's affairs with military ways , cause wars between Russia and Iran and using military force against Afghanistan then from economic aspect result in patting commercial contract between these countries ,specially Iran . And introducing Iranian (Divan Salary) with European new changes, in other word, facing Iranian ancient culture and civilization with European modernism shook the past regime's foundation that was upon the kingdom as gift of God, and changes the present situation. But during the age of Ghajarieh, the age of awareness and get informed about best civilization such as west civilization, paying attention to European development, and changing the present situation.

The signs of awareness and self-fertilization appeared from the beginning decades of Ghajarieh government.Inspite of this , frequentation between Iran and Europe had begun some hundred years ago from this age , but in Ghajarieh the frequentation be came more than before and written pieces and feed backs in Ghajarieh cause Iranian awareness. (Divan Salaran) informed about none autocrat government and about people governing. European and Indian passengers mentioned about people's rights, the limitation of king's authority, founding the National consul tine assembly and house of justice, the necessity of discipline on kingdom affairs. Mir- Abdul Latif Khan-e-Shooshtary wrote: in Europe, governors decided to discipline the kingdom and, and at last all the governors wanted to negate all authority of the king. King couldn't commit suicide or kill any body even his servants. If judge's order didn't follow, none of fine would be execute. After negation all the authorities of king chief confiscated the kingdom to: king-commanders-peasants.

According to this low; these three groups must be agree for giving a same command , in other wise ,it shouldn't be executed . They made a perfect house in capital and called it the house of consultation, so announced to all cities and countries to elect a suitable person and sent him to house for consulting on affairs. In order to remove people's wrangling and hostility made great houses in great cities and called them house of justice. Mirza Abu Taleb Khan , according to England power structure called the Majlis as real king and wrote : if parliament execute an order against king's willing , he ,The king , could resist against parliament so it means king is chief of parliament , and Majlis could dominate on king .Khosravi wrote about two person that increase people's awareness , they were trying hard to increase awareness , among people during Nasereddin Shah , the first one was (Mirza Malcolm Khan-e-Espahani ) and the second one was Seyyed Jamal-e-ddin Asadabadi , he wrote about Jamal-e-ddin : but seyyed Jamal came twice to Iran , in second time in 1268 (1307) they send him out of Iran as king's order .

He was a brave man and reproach the king for his self-interesting and cause people to revolt against king , so seyyed succeed to gain some people with him self . But Mirza Malcolm Khan, one of two persons that Kasravi talked about them, is most quarreler enlightened person in Nasery age. About his character , his religious and national belongings ,and his attempting and disloyalty , about his dependence or independence to foreigners , there are different judgments , but at first century of Ghajar's kingdom awareness change to awake fullness and awake fullness , change to reformist in autocracy pillars .

Removing the oppression and cruelty and progressivism became the chief aim, the divine legitimate of kingdom loose its importance and literature of fighting against cruelty and advising change to challenging policy literature.

Mirza Malcolm khan was one of the most important personality in those actions and wrote : advise didn't affect on cruel , near to one century , wises understood that we shouldn't pay attention to cruel in order to remove the cruelty ,in fact we should say to oppressed :hey fool , you are more powerful and wealthier than cruel , so why you enduring cruelty , beware and fight against cruel. According to Iran's power structure, and knowing the power of clergymen in Iran, he involved them in these actions. Malcolm that knows the neglect ness and unawareness of the government and governors as the main reason for Iran ruined condition ,so he believe that remedy for this condition is knowledge and intelligence ,either the way of development ,and establish the orders by low . He thought low is miracle of European and we must accept and earn it he in answering to this question; (here isn't Europe that we do what we want , the wises and clergymen would punish us very severely) ,said don't blame the clergymen ,because in Iran if there is a person who knows the meaning of European low is one of clergymen .Mirza Malcolm khan's headless criticism and attacks with in the law became more powerful , that had begun from the beginning of Nasereddin Shah , and according to previous actions and enter of new words such as(freedom) ,(equality) ,and (law) to Iran's political literature ,also its more publishing in different essays such as: Ghanoon newspaper against autocracy and the way of controlling the government.

This issues mostly moot from the new minded naturally has a lot of resistance ,especially when the thought of law and order expanded, because of it reach fulfillment necessarily bring freedom and equality Some actions achieved from :Republican-Babieh-Jamalians-Malcolmians and learned men ,that cause worry of governors and their relatives from different group of society , one of protector of autocracy in (1315) said : Idle talkers who call themselves republican and freedom-loving in all the world say nonsense ,and in all aspects deny the kingdom and show the republic to all governing is gift of God and didn't achieve.

Iranian Sharl-moors-hay took up a fortified position against new thoughts. These actions continued with confronting against Rezhy and Talbot, contracts, forbade of tobacco, and assassinating of Nasereddin Shah. So free thinking fight against limitation but at last constitution with all its contradiction appears, and it was beginning.

A brief Survey of Iran's Political Thoughts. The Thought of Divine power

By: hamed

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