Application Of Global Positioning System

This technology permits military, civilian and technical users to find three-dimensional locations near the Earth's surface with unique care

. GPS has many applications-a navigational device in boating and climbing, while the military applications face a wide range of operational, planned and tactical disciplines.

How does GPS work?

The Global Positioning System consists of a network of 24 broadcasting satellites orbiting the earth at a height of more than 20,000km. GPS also consists of receivers on the ground, which listen to and understand the transmissions of the satellites. Stations on the earth carefully observe the orbit of each satellite, maintaining a highly accurate evidence of the satellites instantaneous place. The knowledge of the exact position of the satellites allows them to be used as reference points, from which GPS receivers on earth can decide their location. This system of determining the location of an object is called ranging.

The idea of ranging is best illustrated by example. Consider one satellite that is a distance of 25,000 kilometers from anyone holding a GPS receiver. Then the person's location is known to be somewhere on a sphere 25,000 km in radius, centered on the satellite. Though, the exact location of the person on that sphere is yet unknown. If, at the same time, the distance from the person to a second satellite can be exposed to be 20,000 km, then a second area of radius 20,000 km on which the person is located can be determined. Thus the person must be on the sphere formed by the intersection of the two spheres of position. A third satellite provides yet a third sphere, which narrows down the place of the person to exactly two points. One of these points is often an impossible answer, normally several thousand kilometers off in space, therefore three satellite ranges can settle on the exact position of the person. Three satellites give enough information to find the x, y, and z coordinates. Though, in practice, four satellites are necessary to identify a location, for reasons that will soon become clear.

The Global Positioning System works by having each of the 21 active satellites continually radiate microwaves. These microwaves are received by the GPS receiver, which can use the way of ranging to place its position. The distance from the receiver to one satellite is calculated in the following way. The satellite and receiver are restricted by separate clocks. The satellites are set as correctly as possible with an atomic clock, and are assumed to be matched with one another. Some known time a satellite emits a signal in the form of microwaves. This signal reaches the receiver after a certain time has passed. Since microwaves travel at the speed of light, a known velocity and a known time allows the receiver to settle on the distance to the satellite. Thus it is important that the time be calculated exactly in order to accurately measure distance, as an error of the harmonization of the two clocks of one microsecond creates an error of 300 meters. This requires a fourth satellite, since a fourth variable, time, has been added to the unknown formerly included only the x, y, and z distances. Global positioning systems are available to users around the world at all times.

by: shajib22

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