English Phonetics - an introduction
English Phonetics - an introduction
English Phonetics - an introduction
The English Alphabet
The English alphabet has 26 letters. Each letter has a lower and upper case form. The letters A, E, I, O, U are vowels.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
[ei]
[bi:]
[si:]
[di:]
[i:]
[ef]
[i:]
[ei]
[ai]
[ei]
[kei]
[el]
[em]
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z
[en]
[ou]
[pi:]
[kju:]
[a:]
[es]
[ti:]
[ju:]
[vi:]
[dblju:]
[eks]
[wai]
[zed] or [AmE zi:]
Phonetics and Phonology
Phonetics (from the Greek word phone = sound/voice) is a fundamental branch of Linguistics and itself has three different aspects:
Articulatory Phonetics - describes how vowels and consonants are produced or "articulated" in various parts of the mouth and throat;
Acoustic Phonetics - a study of how speech sounds are transmitted: when sound travels through the air from the speaker's mouth to the hearer's ear it does so in the form of vibrations in the air;
Auditory Phonetics - a study of how speech sounds are perceived: looks at the way in which the hearer's brain decodes the sound waves back into the vowels and consonants originally intended by the speaker. The actual sound produced, such as a simple vowel or consonant sound is called phone.
Closely associated with Phonetics is another branch of Linguistics known as Phonology. Phonology deals with the way speech sounds behave in particular languages or in languages generally. This focuses on the way languages use differences between sounds in order to convey differences of meaning between words. All theories of phonology hold that spoken language can be broken down into a string of sound units (phonemes). A phoneme is the smallest distinctive unit sound' of a language. It distinguishes one word from another in a given language. This means changing a phoneme in a word, produces another word, that has a different meaning. In the pair of words (minimal pairs) 'cat' and 'bat', the distinguishing sounds /c/ and /b/ are both phonemes. The phoneme is an abstract term (a speech sound as it exists in the mind of the speaker) and it is specific to a particular language.
A phoneme may have several allophones, related sounds that are distinct but do not change the meaning of a word when they are interchanged. The sounds corresponding to the letter "t" in the English words 'tea' and 'trip' are not in fact quite the same. The position of the tongue is slightly different, which causes a difference in sound detectable by an instrument such as a speech spectrograph. Thus the [t] in 'tea' and the [t] in 'trip' are allophones of the phoneme /t/.
Phonology is the link between Phonetics and the rest of Linguistics. Only by studying both the phonetics and the phonology of English is it possible to acquire a full understanding of the use of sounds in English speech.
English Phonetic Spelling
Sometimes wrongly called the
International Phonetic Alphabet
When speaking on the telephone, it is sometimes useful to spell a word using English Phonetic Spelling. To spell "Club", for example, you would say: "C for Charlie, L for Lima, U for Uniform, B for Bravo."
It is very easy to learn English Phonetic Spelling. Start by spelling your name, then your company or address. Soon, you will know the whole alphabet. It also helps to remember that there are several groups of words that go together:
Dances: Foxtrot, Tango
Shakespeare: Romeo & Juliet
Men's first names: Charlie, Mike, Oscar, Victor
Cities: Lima, Quebec
A
Alpha
B
Bravo
C
Charlie
D
Delta
E
Echo
F
Foxtrot
G
Golf
H
Hotel
I
India
J
Juliet
K
Kilo
L
Lima
M
Mike
N
November
O
Oscar
P
Papa
Q
Quebec
R
Romeo
S
Sierra
T
Tango
U
Uniform
V
Victor
W
Whisky
X
X-ray
Y
Yankee
Z
Zulu
According to the International Phonetic Association, the above list is sometimes wrongly called the "International Phonetic Alphabet".
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