Technology Transfer

Technology Transfer

Technology Transfer

Introduction

Onestrikingwayofbringing into relief the values embedded in technologies is by their transfer from one cultural context to another. Notalltechnologytransfers have had the same disastrous consequences for the recipient culture, although there are many instances where the adoption of a new technology has caused major changes in employment patterns and social structures.

This article describes about technology transfer. In addition, it focus on people can change their technology culture while it transferring.

Description

Change in the means of manufacturing sandals in North Africa is a case in point. In one region the sandals were made by some 5,000 artisan shoemakers, using local supplies of leather, glue, thread, hand tools, tacks, wax and polish, fabric linings, laces, wooden lasts, and card boxes. Then, two Swiss plastic-injection molding machines for the manufacture of sandals were introduced, each in operation for three shifts per day and requiring a labor force of only 40 workers. A million and a half pairs of sandals per year were produced, selling at less than the cost of the leather sandals and with a longer life. As a result, many indigenous small industries declined, as did employment opportunities; there was an increase in dependency on imported plastic, spare parts for the machines, and maintenance servicesall requiring foreign currency. An accompanying increase in migration from rural areas to cities contributed to the creation of a "dual society".

Suchexperiencesoftransfer testify to the non-neutrality of technologies and the way in which they can recreate, in a new host culture, aspects of the social system of their place of origin. For this reason, technology has sometimes been likened to a social gene which can carry encoded social relations from one context to another and replicate them there. When Japan was modernized after the Meiji Restoration in 1868 and deliberately recruited science and technology experts from already industrialized countries, it sought actively to avoid the introduction of foreign values with the technologies it imported. The cry was for "Western techniques but Eastern values"; the assimilation of new technologies was carefully managed to ensure their alliance to an intense patriotism and to the growth of the nation's industrial and military strength.

Althoughone-waytechnology transfer can act as a powerful alternative to military colonization and a means of fostering the long-term dependency of the recipient culture on the provider of the technology, the transfer process is often more complex and interactive. For one thing, technologies are not used by every culture in exactly the same way. Gunpowder, invented by the Chinese and used by them for fireworks and primitive guns, when brought to Europe stimulated the production of much more powerful and devastating cannon.

Conclusion

Progressive decentralization of responsibility for the technology, from government and international agencies to local manufacturers and suppliers, was needed and a system of quality control involving the standardization of pump parts brought into being. Only by the well-synchronized functioning of all components of the system, in which the pump as artefact was itself enmeshed, was the technology likely to be successful. The drilling of water boreholes and the construction of appropriate pumps represented only one component of the total challenge of transfer.

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