The Magic Of The Lithium Battery
Traditional lithium batteries are disposable batteries with a high charge density that come in a variety of shapes and sizes
. In lithium batteries, lithium metal, or lithium compounds, comprise the anode, a negative electrode, and manganese dioxide is used as the cathode, a positive electrode.
Separating the anode and cathode is lithium salt in organic solvent, oftentimes ether, functioning as an electrolyte. A carbon-based current collector is located on the bottom. To make the battery work, a chemical reaction needs to result from current that enters the cell through its anode and exits via cathode. This is called the discharge cycle, which occurs when an electronic device is in use. During the charge cycle, lithium ions are moved from the positive cathode through the electrolyte to the negative anode.
As demands on battery output began to rise, the lithium ion battery was developed with the capacity to be recharged. Like disposable lithium batteries, the lithium ion types have high charge density only with the ability to be continually recharged and hold sufficient charge even without requiring complete prior discharge, a phenomenon termed the memory effect. While lithium batteries do not undergo this memory effect, some may exhibit diminished capacity over time due to cell oxidation within the battery shell. Cell oxidation in batteries occurs at approximately 20 percent annually, but can be accelerated if batteries are stored at too high temperatures.
Lower temperatures, in turn may prevent rapid loss of permanent charge capacity, especially when the lithium battery holds only an approximate charge of 40 percent. Fully charged batteries tend to suffer much higher percentages of capacity loss at the same storage temperature levels. Extreme heat conditions can cause lithium ion batteries to fail, especially when used in an electronic device that is in great use and stored on an insulated surface with little chance to cool off. When used properly, lithium ion batteries are able to withstand hundreds of charge and discharge cycles, providing the user with several years of optimal power supply.
Since lithium is the lightest metal available, these types of batteries provide a relatively long life with a high charge at low overall weight, which makes them attractive alternatives for portable devices such as watches, cameras, calculators, cell phones, notebook computers, or remote controls, as well as electronic medical devices, such as pacemakers. Because lithium is a highly reactive element, these types of batteries hold significantly higher voltages in their cells than do their cadmium or lead counterparts.
For instance, compared to alkaline batteries, the lithium variety produces voltages between 1.5 V and 3.7 V, providing the user with increased energy density yet remaining eco friendly. However, because of its high currents and significant reactiveness as a metal, a lithium battery may rapidly discharge when short-circuited and cause the battery to overheat. Overheating lithium batteries are at risk for rupture or explosion, making them restricted items in carry-on luggage for air travel. Overheating may be prevented by integrating thermal protection or venting.
Rechargeable lithium ion batteries are the battery of choice for most consumer electronics. Cell phones are one example of a consumer electronic that uses lithium-ion batteries. These batteries can easily be recharged with a wall charger or a car cell phone charger.
Lithium batteries are typically available in coin cell and button variety, as more commonly used AAA, AA, C, and D batteries, and also as specialty batteries, like those found in cell phones. However, despite their environment-friendly composition, lithium batteries can pose a severe danger to small children who may be able to ingest the smaller button or coin shaped batteries. Batteries are extremely useful, but should always be handled with care.
by: Jordan McPelt
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