The history of Aquashield shark deterrent

The history of Aquashield shark deterrent

Biology

Several species of sharks have demonstrated the ability to sense magnetic fields (Kalmijn, 1978; Ryan, 1980; Klimley, 1993; 2002). The Ampullae of Lorenzini organ within sharks is used to detect weak electrical fields at short ranges. The detection range of this organ is effective as sharks sense bioelectrical fields in the final stages of prey capture. The flux per unit area of certain permanent magnets, particularly Neodymium-Iron-Boride and Barium-Ferrite magnets, corresponds closely with the detection range of the Ampullae of Lorenzini. The fields generated by these permanent magnets (ferrite and rare-earth types) decrease at the inverse cube of the distance from the magnet to sharks and rays. Therefore, at distances of a few meters from the unit, the field exerted is less than the Earth's magnetic field. Animals which lack the Ampullae of Lorenzini organ do not display aversive behavior in close proximity to the magnetic field, making this technology selective. A permanent magnet with the correct specifications is hypothesized to over-stimulate the Ampullae of Lorenzini, and may therefore be used as selective shark repellent.

Induction

When a shark swims through the Earth's magnetic field, electromagnetic induction phenomena which generates an electric field as charged particles move through a magnetic field creates an electric field around the shark. Minute differences in the Earth's magnetic field at different locations result in minute differences in the induced electric field which may be detected by the shark's sensitive electroreceptors, especially as the head region moves back and forth during swimming (Lohmann and Johnsen 2000).The law of electromagnetic induction (Faraday's law of induction) states that induced electromotive force (EMF) is proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux through a coil (an electric current can also be produced within a conductor when the conductor is moved through a magnetic field). This occurs because the force generated by the magnetic lines is applying a force on the free electrons in the conductor, causing the electrons to move. We hypothesize that the shark's body (particularly it's Ampullae of Lorenzini) acts as the conductor moving through the Earth's magnetic field or the permanent magnet's field, registering the induced EMF.

Also in 2008, the Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (DPI&F) and James Cook University, Australia, reported success with permanent magnets in captive studies with grey reef sharks, hammerheads, sharp-nosed sharks, blacktip sharks, sawfish and the critically endangered spear tooth shark.

The Aquashield deterrent unit has several compounds including the Lanthanide Neodymium (Nd4f) atomic #60 and the Metalloid (B2p) atomic #5. The dissimilar elemental structure of these components creates an excited state of electrons looking for a release or equalization of these free flowing electrons. These dissimilar components allow for this permanent state of excited electrons and are bonded in a stabilizing resin. The outcome is a permanent (EMF) force utilizing an AC field structure.

Salt in saltwater contains sodium and chlorine ions. These ions are particles that have an electrical charge because they have lost or gained an electron. In water these sodium and chlorine ions separate and move freely transporting electricity.

The kinetic energy a shark creates and expels through movement is the catalyst for the transfer of electrons in this field while the shark's body acts as a conductor as it passes through this excited state. The field is induced to the animal through the electroreception organ (Ampullae Lorenzizi).

Technical Data

NdFeb Grade N52 (Neodymium Iron Boron) Nickel Plating (Ni-Cu-Ni) Surface Field 5920 Gauss Br Max (Residual Induction) 14,800 Gauss BH Max (Maximum Energy) 52MGOe (Mega Gauss Oersteds).

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