Why is the Li-Ion Battery the Quickest Developing Battery Technology
Why is the Li-Ion Battery the Quickest Developing Battery Technology
How Li-Ion Batteries were created.
Initial work with the Li-Ionbattery commenced in 1912 with G.N. Lewis but it was not until the early 1970s that the first non-rechargeable lithium batteries became commercially available. Attempts to develop rechargeable lithium batteries followed in the 1980s, but didn't succeed because of safety concerns.
Lithium is the lightest of all metals, has the largest electrochemical potential and delivers the largest energy density per weight. Rechargeable batteries using lithium metal anodes (negative electrodes) are capable of offering both high voltage and high capacity, leading to an extraordinary high energy density.
After much investigation on rechargeable lithium batteries during the 1980s, it was discovered that cycling causes modifications on the lithium electrode. These transformations, which are part of regular wear and tear, decrease the thermal stability, causing potential thermal runaway situations. The moment this occurs, the cell temperature quickly approaches the melting point of lithium, resulting in a violent reaction called "venting with flame". A high number of rechargeable lithium batteries sent to Japan had to be recalled in 1991 after a battery in a cellular phone released flaming gases and caused burns to a person's face.
Because of the inherent volatility of lithium metal, particularly during charging, research moved to a non-metallic lithium battery working with lithium ions. Although somewhat reduced in energy density than lithium metal, the Li-ion is safe, as long as specific precautions are taken when charging and discharging. In 1991, the Sony Corporation commercialized the 1st Li-ion battery. Other producers followed suit. Right now, the Lithium-ion Battery is the fastest developing and most exciting battery chemistry.
The energy density of the Lithium Ion Battery is normally twice that of the traditional Ni-Cd Battery. Improvements in electrode active components have the potential of bettering the energy density near to 3 times that of the Ni-Cd. In addition to good capacity, the load attributes are fairly good and function similarly to the Nickel cadmium in terms of discharge qualities (similar shape of discharge profile, but different voltage). The flat discharge curve provides effective utilization of the saved electrical power in a useful voltage spectrum.
The Lithium-Ion Battery is a low upkeep battery, an advantage that most other technologies are not able to state. There is no memory and no regular cycling is needed to prolong the battery's life. In addition, the self-discharge is less than 50 percent compared to Nickel cadmium and NiMH, making the Li-ion well suited for modern fuel gauge products.
The high cell voltage of Lithium-Ion Battery permits the production of battery packs consisting of only a single cell. A great number of of todays mobile phones operate on a solitary cell, an advantage that simplifies battery construction. Supply voltages of electronic appliances have been shifting lower, which in turn requires fewer cells for each battery pack. To hold the same strength, however, higher currents are essential. This reinforces the relevance of particularly low cell resistance to allow free flow of current.
Advantages and Limitations of Li-Ion Batteries.
1. Advantages
a. Substantial energy density, potential for yet greater capacities.
b. Relatively low self discharge, self-discharge is less than half that of Ni-Cd and NiMH.
Low Upkeep, no periodic discharge is needed; no memory.
2. Limitations
a. Calls for protection circuit, protection circuit limits voltage and current. Battery is safe if not provoked.
b. Subject to aging, even if not in use, storing the battery in a cool situation and at 40 percent state-of-charge reduces the aging effect.
c. Moderate discharge current.
d. Subject to transportation laws, shipment of greater amounts of Li-ion batteries may be subject to regulatory control. This control does not apply to personal carry-on batteries.
e. Costly to produce, about 40 percent higher in cost than Nickel cadmium. Better production procedures and substitution of rare metals with reduced cost choices will most likely lower the expense.
f. Not totally mature, modifications in metal and chemical combinations impact battery assessment results, especially with some short test techniques.
PMBL, a custom battery pack manufacturer, manufacture Li-ion Ion battery packs from cells by Varta, GP, Saft, Sanyo and many others.
They can offer expert advice when designing custom Lithium Ion Battery Packs to help ensure they fit the end application.
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