Digital Preservation System: a progress of information management
Digital Preservation System: a progress of information management
Introduction:
With the rapid development of Information Technology (IT) old applications and methods are becoming archaic. Time to time we need to upgrade our systems. There are millions of information are publishing over night. So it is very much difficult to collect, preserve and service provide to the users basically at right people, right information at the right time. For that we need a system which is very much easy, store vast amount of information, process & disseminate them very smoothly and its maintenance cost will low. In this concept Digital Preservation is very much important and contemporary stapes for the information section at this twenty first century. A document which is store in a digital or computerizes system is called Digital Preservation. It is very much important to store, process and dissemination of information. So in the recent time Digital Preservation System is the most popular system for storing information.
With the help of Information Technology all kind of manual work is changing into Digital form but Digital Preservation is not an easy mission because it's totally electronic and machine dependent system which has some technical requirements that are difficult to manage while on the other hand the legal and regulatory norms become hindrance in the process in certain circumstances. The Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) issues in the digital era are also closely related to the requirements of Digital Preservation. But it is faster and effective then the manual systems as well as very much economic and time saving. For availability of Information Technology current trends are crossing to Digitalized format because it is new and contemporary step for the field of information Service Though there have some challenges to implement this system.
Digital Preservation:
Digital Preservation is the management of Digital Information over time. Preservation of Digital Information is widely considered to require more constant and on going attention than preservation of other media. [1] Digital preservation is defined as: long-term, error-free storage of digital information, with means for retrieval and interpretation, for the entire time span the information is required for. Long-term is defined as "long enough to be concerned with the impacts of changing technologies, including support for new media and data formats, or with a changing user community. Long Term' may extend indefinitely" [2]Digital Preservation can therefore be seen as the set of processes and activities that ensure continued access to information and all kinds of records, scientific and cultural heritage existing in digital formats.
Visions:
In resent time formation is publishing like flow of water. Thousand of information is publishing over night and every 20 year information is doubling. So maintenance, controlling, Process and preservation of information is changing in to the Digital Format. The Vision of a digital preservation system is that the information it contains remains accessible to users over a long period of time.
Importance of Digital Preservation:
The importance of Digital Preservation Systems is increasing day by day for the Information Explosion. A huge number of information is publishing every single moment. So control, preserve and dissemination of information have on alternative without Digital Preservation because it is the only process which is able to control a large quantity of document with in a very short space. In Digital Preservation System we can preserve all kinds of text, graphs, pictures, audio, video, audio-visual materials, etc.
Society's heritage has been presented on many different materials, including stone, vellum, bamboo, silk, paper and etc. Now a large quantity of information exists in digital forms, including emails, blogs, social networking websites, national elections websites, web photo albums, and sites which change their content over time. Digital preservation very much easy to upload and retrieve the required information then the traditional system. The unique characteristic of digital forms makes it easy to create content and keep it up-to-date.
The advantages of digital libraries as a means of easily and rapidly accessing books, archives and images of various types are now widely recognized by commercial interests and public bodies alike.[3] Traditional Libraries are limited by storage space; Digital Libraries have the potential to store much more information, simply because Digital Information requires very little physical space to contain. As such, the cost of maintaining a digital library is much lower than that of a Traditional Library Systems. A Traditional Library must spend large sums of money paying for staff, book maintenance, rent, and other additional works but digital system can reduce the cost.
An important advantage to digital conversion is increased accessibility to users. They also increase availability to individuals who may not be traditional patrons of a library, due to geographic location or organizational affiliation.
No physical boundary. The user of a digital library need not to go to the library physically; people from all over the world can gain access to the same information, as long as an Internet connection is available.
Round the clock availability. A major advantage of digital libraries is that people can gain access to the information at any time, night or day.
Multiple accesses. The same resources can be used simultaneously by a number of institutions and patrons.
Information retrieval. The user is able to use any search term (word, phrase, title, name, and subject) to search the entire collection. Digital libraries can provide very user-friendly interfaces, giving clickable access to its resources.
Preservation and conservation. Digitization is not a long-term preservation solution for physical collections, but does succeed in providing access copies for materials that would otherwise fall to degradation from repeated use. Digitized collections and born-digital objects pose many preservation and conservation concerns that analog materials do not.
Space. Whereas traditional libraries are limited by storage space, digital libraries have the potential to store much more information; simply because digital information requires very little physical space to contain them and media storage technologies are more affordable than ever before.
Added value. Certain characteristics of objects, primarily the quality of images, may be improved. Digitization can enhance legibility and remove visible flaws such as stains and discoloration.[4]
Requirements:
Digital Preservation Systems have a simple goal, that the information they contain remains accessible to users over a long period of time. In addressing this goal they are subject to a wide range of threats, not all of which are relevant to all systems. We have also shown a wide range of strategies, each of which is used by at least one current system. But the various systems use various techniques to implement each strategy.
The failure of a Digital Preservation System will become evident in finite time, but its success will forever remain unproven. Given this, and the diversity of threats and strategies, it seems premature to be imposing requirements in terms of particular technical approaches. Rather, systems should be required to disclose their solutions to the various threats, and other aspects of the strategies they are pursuing. This will allow certification against a checklist of required disclosures, and allow customers to make informed decisions as to how their digital assets may most economically reach an adequate level of preservation against the threats they consider relevant.
Here is the list of suggested disclosures our bottom-up process generated:
Systems should have an explicit threat model, disclosing against the threats which are attempting to preserve content, and how they are addressing each threat.
Systems should disclose how their replicas are created and administered, and how any damage is detected and repaired.
Systems should disclose the policies and mechanisms they implement to protect intellectual property. Specifically:
If a system is intended to hold only material when the copyright belongs to the host institution, it should disclose how it assures that this is in fact the case.
If a system is intended to hold material whose copyright belongs to others, it should disclose information about the agreement under which it is held, such as whether and under what terms the agreement can be revoked by the copyright holder, and how the permission granted is verified, recorded as metadata and preserved.
If a system is intended to hold material not covered by copyright, such as US government documents within the US, it should disclose how it assures that this is verified, recorded as metadata and preserved.
Systems should disclose their external interfaces, in particular their SIP and DIP specifications. They should disclose whether, to assist external auditing, they are capable of disgorging a DIP identical to the SIP that caused the content in question to be stored, including not just the content but also all the metadata originally provided (and none of the metadata that it subsequently acquired).
Systems should disclose their source code access policy, and how their source code is to be preserved.
Systems should disclose who will conduct audits, how they will be conducted, and to whom the results will be provided.
Systems should disclose their policy for handling incidents of data loss. [5] To whom are such incidents reported and in what form the work underway to add certification requirements to OAIS is proceeding along similar lines, but from a top-down perspective. [6] We note that, while there are strong relationships between the criteria in the current draft of these requirements and our suggested disclosures, there are very few exact correspondences.
3 Threats:
We concur with the recent National Research Council recommendations to the National Archives. That the designers of a Digital Preservation System need a clear vision of the threats against which they are being asked to protect their system's contents, and those threats under which it is acceptable for preservation to fail. Note that many of these threats are not unique to digital preservation systems, but their specific mission and very long time horizons incline such systems to view the threats differently from more conventional systems. [7]
To assist in the development of these threat models, we present the following taxonomy of threats. Threat models should either include or explicitly exclude at least these threats:
Media Failure. All storage media must be expected to degrade with time, causing irrecoverable bit errors, and to be subject to sudden catastrophic irrecoverable loss of bulk data such as disk crashes [8]
Hardware Failure. All hardware components must be expected to suffer transient recoverable failures, such as power loss, and catastrophic irrecoverable failures, such as burnt-out power supplies.
Software Failure. All software components must be expected to suffer from bugs that pose a risk to the stored data.
Communication Errors. Systems cannot assume that the network transfers they use to ingest or disseminate content will either succeed or fail within a specified time period, or will actually deliver the content unaltered. A recent study "suggests that between one (data) packet in every 16 million packets and one packet in 10 billion packets will have an undetected checksum error" [9].
Failure of Network Services. Systems must anticipate that the external network services they use, including resolvers such as those for domain names. [10] which will suffer both transient and irrecoverable failures both of the network services and of individual entries in them. As examples, domain names will vanish or be reassigned if the registrant fails to pay the registrar, and a persistent URL will fail to resolve if the resolver service fails to preserve its data with as much care as the digital preservation service.
Media & Hardware Obsolescence. All media and hardware components will eventually fail. Before that, they may become obsolete in the sense of no longer being capable of communicating with other system components or being replaced when they do fail. This problem is particularly acute for removable media, which have a long history of remaining theoretically readable if only a suitable reader could be found [11]. A backup appliance composed of high-capacity disk drives. [12]
Software Obsolescence. Similarly, software components will become obsolete. This will often be manifested as format obsolescence when, although the bits in which some data was encoded remain accessible, the information can no longer be decoded from the storage format into a legible form.
Operator Error. Operator actions must be expected to include both recoverable and irrecoverable errors. This applies not merely to the digital preservation application itself, but also to the operating system on which it is running, the other applications sharing the same environment, the hardware underlying them, and the network through which they communicate.
Natural Disaster. Natural disasters, such as flood, fire and earthquake must be anticipated. Other types of threats, such as media, hardware and infrastructure failures, will typically manifest then. [13]
External Attack. Paper libraries and archives are subject to malicious attack. [14] There is no reason to expect their digital equivalents to be exempt. Worse, all systems connected to public networks are vulnerable to viruses and worms. Digital preservation systems must either defend against the inevitable attacks, or be completely isolated from external networks.
Internal Attack. Much abuse of computer systems involves insiders, those who have or used to have authorized access to the system. [15] Even if a digital preservation system is completely isolated from external networks, it must anticipate insider abuse.
Economic Failure. Information in digital form is much more vulnerable to interruptions in the money supply than information on paper. There are ongoing costs for power, cooling, bandwidth, system administration, domain registration, and so on. Budgets for digital preservation must be expected to vary up and down, possibly even to zero, over time.
Organizational Failure. The system view of digital preservation must include not merely the technology but the organization in which it is embedded. These organizations may die out, perhaps through bankruptcy, or their missions may change. This may deprive the digital preservation technology of the support it needs to survive. System planning must envisage the possibility of the asset represented by the preserved content being transferred to a successor organization, or otherwise being properly disposed of. For each of these types of failure, it is necessary to trade off the cost of defense against the level of system degradation under the threat that is regarded as acceptable for that cost.
For the Digital Preservation Initiative there are some problems such as Migration, Copyright and Licensing, Metadata Creation etc. Migration is one of the main problems. Migration is a means of transferring an unstable digital object to another more stable format, operating system, or programming language. [16] Copyright and licensing is another problem it means the legal right for the creator to protect copy by other. There is a dilution of responsibility that occurs as a result of the spread-out nature of digital resources. Complex intellectual property matters may become involved since digital material isn't always owned by a Library. [17]
Conclusion: Every now and then, huge information is being generated throughout the world. Which one piece of information or group of information should be taken for using purpose, is the most important part of discussion today. To control over the information explosion no alternative without Digital Repository System. This system is a technical system but very much sophisticated. So above discussion we see that for digital preservation system have some Technical Requirements and threats but its necessity and usefulness is overcome at all the barriers.
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