A Beginner's Guide To Magnets

A Beginner's Guide To Magnets

A Beginner's Guide To Magnets

A magnet is an object that creates a magnetic field, invisible to the human eye but extremely powerful. A material or object that produces a persistent magnetic field is known as a permanent magnet, for example, a refrigerator magnet that is found in most households to keep notes and reminders stuck to the refrigerator door.

People use magnets every single day without even being aware of it. Magnets can be found in a huge number of appliances and household items. Anyone who uses a computer at work or at home is benefitting from the power of magnets, which create a fine coating to record information on hard disks and floppy disks. All credit, debit and ATM cards have a magnetic strip on the rear side, which encodes the information containing the cardholder's personal information held by their bank or lender. Magnets are used in hospitals for magnetic resonance imaging procedures, eliminating the need for invasive surgery to examine a patient's internal organs.

Magnets are used extensively in commercial operations, such as to separate magnetic materials from non-magnetic materials (for example separating iron from aluminum) in scrap yards. Certain types of screwdriver are magnetized to retrieve items that are too small, difficult or fine for fingertips to grasp, such as staples, nails and paper clips. Different types of permanent magnets are composites, rare earth magnets, single-molecule magnets and nano-structured magnets.

Composite magnets include ceramic magnets, alnico magnets, ticonal magnets and injection molded magnets. Ceramic magnets are commonly used for mass-produced magnets where low cost is a priority. They are non-corrosive but have a tendency to be brittle. Alnico magnets are made up of aluminum, cobalt and nickel together with small amounts of iron and other elements; they are commonly used where magnets in unique shapes are required. Ticonal magnets were developed specifically for loudspeakers. Injection molded magnets are made up of a variety of resins and magnetic powders, and more closely resemble plastic in terms of physical properties.

When it comes to cost, ceramic or ferrite magnets are by far the cheapest, and rare earth magnets the most expensive. Rare earth magnets like samarium cobalt and neodymium iron boron have extremely strong magnetic fields and are chosen for compact items. Of the two, neodymium iron boron is more often used as it is both stronger and cheaper. Because rare earth magnets are very brittle and also highly susceptible to corrosion, they are normally plated or coated to protect them from chips, cracks and fractures. Their name makes them sound more exotic than they actually are; there is nothing "rare" about them and since their development in the 1970s and 1980s, they have in fact been as plentiful as tin or lead.

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